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Related Concept Videos

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Reproductive Cloning01:27

Reproductive Cloning

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Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed, creating an enucleated egg. Then a somatic...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 22, 2026

Transnuclear Mice with Pre-defined T Cell Receptor Specificities Against Toxoplasma gondii Obtained Via SCNT
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A New, Dynamic Era for Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer?

Pasqualino Loi1, Domenico Iuso1, Marta Czernik1

  • 1Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Campus Sant'Agostino, Via Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy.

Trends in Biotechnology
|April 28, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) cloning is now controllable due to effective genomic reprogramming strategies. This breakthrough enables endangered species rescue and advances therapeutic cloning and induced pluripotent stem cell research.

Keywords:
nuclear reprogramming strategiessomatic cell nuclear transfer

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) has historically suffered from low success rates and high developmental abnormalities.
  • These issues stem from incomplete genomic reprogramming, where the oocyte fails to reset the somatic cell's differentiated state.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the advancements in genomic reprogramming strategies for SCNT.
  • To demonstrate that SCNT has become a controllable technology.

Main Methods:

  • Development of effective reprogramming strategies targeting the whole genome or specific genes like Xist.
  • Validation of these strategies through successful development of cloned animals to term.

Main Results:

  • Effective reprogramming strategies have been developed and validated.
  • These strategies overcome previous developmental barriers in SCNT.

Conclusions:

  • SCNT is now a controllable process due to improved genomic reprogramming.
  • This advancement facilitates applications in endangered species conservation and biomedical research, including therapeutic cloning and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) isolation.