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Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

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Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
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Inhaled Medications

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Inhaled medications are crucial for managing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. They are essential for effective treatment and control, ensuring optimal respiratory health and well-being. Inhaled medication delivers drugs directly to the lungs, providing a rapid onset of action and reducing systemic side effects compared to oral or injectable medications. Three primary types of inhalation devices are used to administer these medications: nebulizers, metered-dose inhalers...
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Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

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The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
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Production of Pharmaceuticals01:30

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Industrial insulin production uses genetically engineered E. coli expressing a proinsulin gene controlled by a tryptophan promoter and containing a methionine linker for later cleavage. The cells also carry ampicillin resistance for selective growth. Seed cultures are stored at −80 °C and production begins by thawing a small amount to inoculate starter cultures, which are progressively scaled to a 50,000-L bioreactor. In the bioreactor, E. coli grow in nutrient-rich media under...
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Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

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Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
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Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides01:06

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Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively...
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Intratracheal Administration of Dry Powder Formulation in Mice
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When should a provider consider insulin human inhalation powder?

Cortney M Mospan1, Chelsea Leonard, Kelli Alley

  • 1Cortney Mospan is an assistant professor of pharmacy practice at East Tennessee State University's Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy in Johnson City, Tenn. She also serves as a clinical pharmacist with Mooney's Discount Pharmacy. Chelsea Leonard is a community pharmacy resident at Samford University's McWhorter School of Pharmacy in Birmingham, Ala., and Kelli Alley is a community pharmacist with Target in Greensboro, N.C.; both were doctoral candidates in the Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy when this article was written. The authors have disclosed no potential conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise.

JAAPA : Official Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants
|April 29, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Inhaled insulin powder offers an alternative to injections for managing type 1 and type 2 diabetes. This rapid-acting option provides dosing, usage, and monitoring guidance for patients hesitant about needle-based insulin therapy.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Pharmacology
  • Respiratory Medicine

Background:

  • Insulin therapy is crucial for managing type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
  • Many patients exhibit reluctance towards injectable insulin due to fear of needles.
  • Alternative insulin delivery methods are needed to improve patient adherence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of insulin human inhalation powder as an alternative to injectable insulin.
  • To provide guidance on appropriate dosing, administration, and monitoring of inhaled insulin.
  • To assess the potential benefits for patients hesitant about insulin injections.

Main Methods:

  • Review of FDA-approved insulin human inhalation powder (approved June 2014).
  • Discussion of clinical guidelines for inhaled insulin use.
  • Analysis of patient factors influencing insulin therapy choice.

Main Results:

  • Insulin human inhalation powder is a rapid-acting inhaled insulin approved for type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
  • It presents a viable alternative for patients avoiding injections.
  • Appropriate dosing, use, and monitoring strategies are essential for effective management.

Conclusions:

  • Insulin human inhalation powder provides a needle-free option for diabetes management.
  • Patient education on proper use and monitoring is key to successful adoption.
  • This inhaled formulation may improve insulin therapy adherence in specific patient populations.