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Switch hands! Mapping proactive and reactive cognitive control across the life span.

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Cognitive control shifts from reactive to proactive in youth and back to reactive in old age. This age-related shift impacts how individuals prepare for and respond to tasks.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology

Background:

  • Cognitive control is crucial for goal-directed behavior.
  • It encompasses proactive (anticipatory) and reactive (stimulus-driven) control mechanisms.
  • Understanding age-related changes in these mechanisms is vital for cognitive aging research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of age on proactive and reactive cognitive control.
  • To examine how preparation intervals influence cognitive control strategies across the lifespan.
  • To identify age-specific trajectories of cognitive control development and decline.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized an anticue paradigm with 809 participants aged 5-97 years.
  • Manipulated preparation intervals (100-850 ms) between anticues and targets.
  • Measured reaction time differences between anticue and neutral conditions to assess cognitive control modes.

Main Results:

  • The transition from reactive to proactive control occurred at longer preparation intervals in the youngest and oldest groups.
  • Anticue performance exhibited an inverted U-shaped trajectory with age: improvement in youth, stability in midlife, and decline in old age.
  • These findings indicate a dynamic shift between reactive and proactive control modes throughout life.

Conclusions:

  • Cognitive control strategies adapt across the lifespan, transitioning from reactive to proactive in early life and back to reactive in later life.
  • These age-related shifts highlight developmental and aging processes affecting cognitive flexibility.
  • The study provides insights into the neural and behavioral mechanisms underlying cognitive control across different age groups.