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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

8.5K
The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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Detailed Structure and Function of Lymph Nodes01:23

Detailed Structure and Function of Lymph Nodes

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Lymph nodes are bean-shaped structures that cluster along the lymphatic vessels in the inguinal, axillary, and cervical regions. Each node is divided into compartments by a capsule that extends trabeculae inward.
From a histological perspective, lymph nodes can be split into two main areas: the superficial cortex and the deep medulla. The outer cortex is populated by dendritic cells, macrophages, and B lymphocytes, which are densely packed into follicles. When these B-lymphocytes are presented...
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Lymphoid Cells and Tissues01:18

Lymphoid Cells and Tissues

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Lymphoid cells and tissues are integral to the immune system, which is crucial in maintaining our body's defense against harmful pathogens. They form the building blocks of lymphoid organs, which include the spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes.
Lymphoid cells consist of various types of immune system cells. These include B and T lymphocytes, which are responsible for producing antibodies and killing infected cells, respectively. Dendritic cells act as messengers between the innate and adaptive...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 21, 2026

A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images
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A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images

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[Thyroid nodules – how to proceed?].

Karin Murer1, Werner Müller1

  • 11 Klinik für Hals-, Nasen-, Ohren- und Gesichtschirurgie, Luzerner Kantonsspital.

Therapeutische Umschau. Revue Therapeutique
|May 3, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid nodules are common incidental findings. Work-up involves TSH testing, scintigraphy for suppressed TSH, ultrasound, and fine-needle aspiration biopsy to guide therapy for rare malignant cases.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Radiology
  • Oncology

Context:

  • Thyroid nodules are frequently discovered as incidentalomas during neck imaging.
  • The increasing prevalence necessitates clear diagnostic pathways.

Purpose:

  • To outline the diagnostic approach for thyroid nodules.
  • To differentiate benign from rare malignant nodules for appropriate management.

Summary:

  • Evaluation begins with thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) testing.
  • Suppressed TSH indicates scintigraphy to identify hyperfunctioning (hot) nodules, typically benign.
  • Ultrasound assesses nodule characteristics, guiding fine-needle aspiration biopsy for cytologic analysis and treatment decisions.

Impact:

  • Establishes a systematic approach to thyroid nodule evaluation.
  • Aids clinicians in managing incidental thyroid findings effectively.
  • Facilitates early detection of rare malignant thyroid tumors.