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Related Concept Videos

CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing01:28

CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing

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The CRISPR-Cas system serves as a bacterial defense mechanism against invading genetic elements such as viruses and plasmids, forming the foundation for its adaptation as a powerful genome-editing tool. Originally discovered in prokaryotes, this system has been repurposed to revolutionize genetic engineering across a wide range of organisms, including plants, animals, and humans. The core component, Cas9, is an endonuclease derived from Streptococcus pyogenes, capable of introducing...
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Genome editing technologies allow scientists to modify an organism’s DNA via the addition, removal, or rearrangement of genetic material at specific genomic locations. These types of techniques could potentially be used to cure genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia. One popular and widely used DNA-editing research tool that could lead to safe and effective cures for genetic disorders is the CRISPR-Cas9 system. CRISPR-Cas9 stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced...
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Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
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The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
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Updated: Mar 21, 2026

Enhanced Genome Editing with Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein in Diverse Cells and Organisms
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CRISPR/Cas9 in Genome Editing and Beyond.

Haifeng Wang1, Marie La Russa1,2, Lei S Qi1,3,4

  • 1Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305; email: hfgwang@stanford.edu , mlarussa@stanford.edu , stanley.qi@stanford.edu.

Annual Review of Biochemistry
|May 6, 2016
PubMed
Summary

CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) is a powerful tool for genome engineering. This RNA-guided DNA endonuclease enables precise gene editing, regulation, and imaging across various organisms, revolutionizing biomedical research and therapeutics.

Keywords:
CRISPR applicationsCas9 structuredCas9epigenetic regulationgene regulationgenomic imaging

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) originates from bacterial immune systems.
  • Cas9 functions as an RNA-guided DNA endonuclease.
  • The technology has significantly simplified sequence-specific gene editing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current models of Cas9 function.
  • To highlight applications in genome editing, regulation, and imaging.
  • To discuss potential biomedical and therapeutic uses of Cas9 technology.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of structural and biochemical studies on Cas9.
  • Review of literature on CRISPR/Cas9 applications.
  • Exploration of nuclease-deactivated Cas9 functionalities.

Main Results:

  • Cas9 allows programmable, sequence-specific DNA targeting via guide RNA.
  • Nuclease-deactivated Cas9 serves as a versatile platform for genome regulation and imaging.
  • CRISPR/Cas9 technology offers numerous advantages for research and potential therapies.

Conclusions:

  • Cas9 is a transformative tool for genome engineering with broad applications.
  • Further exploration of Cas9 in biomedical research and therapeutics is warranted.
  • The versatility and ease of use make CRISPR/Cas9 technology highly advantageous.