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Stress-generating tissue deformations in Xenopus embryos: Long-range gradients and local cell displacements.

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Live-cell Imaging and Quantitative Analysis of Embryonic Epithelial Cells in Xenopus laevis
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[Surface Microdeformations and Regulation of Cell Movements in Xenopus Development].

A Yu Evstifeeva, L V Belousov

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    |May 7, 2016
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    Individual Xenopus ectodermal cells exhibit directed movements and local wanderings during development. These cell movements involve orthogonal trajectories and generate microdeformations, influencing tissue tension gradients.

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    Area of Science:

    • Developmental biology
    • Cell biology
    • Biophysics

    Context:

    • Studying early embryonic development in Xenopus laevis provides insights into fundamental biological processes.
    • Understanding cell movement dynamics is crucial for comprehending tissue morphogenesis and embryonic patterning.

    Purpose:

    • To measure and analyze the velocities and directions of outer ectodermal cell movements in Xenopus embryos during normal development and after mechanical relaxation.
    • To characterize cell trajectories and deformations at both small and large scales.

    Summary:

    • Individual outer ectodermal cells of Xenopus embryos display alternating periods of directed mass movements and local wanderings, with trajectories composed of orthogonal segments.
    • Small-scale analysis revealed gentle stretching and compressive deformations along upward morphogenetic gradients.
    • Large-scale analysis identified quasi-periodic velocity fluctuations generating significant microdeformations (tens of percent) within short timeframes (≤10 min), modulating overall tissue tension.

    Impact:

    • Reveals the complex interplay between directed cell migration and local cell dynamics during Xenopus development.
    • Quantifies microdeformations and their role in modulating mechanical forces within the developing embryo.
    • Provides a foundation for understanding the biophysical mechanisms underlying embryonic morphogenesis.