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DNA-only Transposons02:57

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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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RNA polymerase (RNAP) carries out DNA-dependent RNA synthesis in both bacteria and eukaryotes. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus. So, transcription and translation occur simultaneously, on the same DNA template.
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DNA methylation changes facilitated evolution of genes derived from Mutator-like transposable elements.

Jun Wang1, Yeisoo Yu2, Feng Tao1

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, 5047 Gullen Mall, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.

Genome Biology
|May 8, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Mutator-like transposable elements in rice generate novel genes by capturing genomic sequences. DNA methylation plays a key role in regulating these new genes, promoting genome innovation.

Keywords:
Comparative genomicsDNA methylationGC contentMULEsMolecular evolutionNew genesOryzaRecombination rate

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Plant Science

Background:

  • Mutator-like transposable elements are DNA transposons found in many genomes, including over 10,000 copies in rice.
  • These elements can acquire nearby DNA sequences, leading to the creation of new gene structures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolution of genes derived from Mutator-like transposable elements in Oryza species.
  • To understand the processes and mechanisms driving the formation and regulation of these novel genes.

Main Methods:

  • Whole-genome comparative analyses across ten Oryza species and Leersia perieri.
  • Analysis of gene expression, sequence composition (GC-richness), and parental sequence origins.
  • Investigation of DNA methylation patterns and recombination rates in relation to transposable element activity.

Main Results:

  • Thousands of putative genes derived from Mutator-like transposable elements were identified, many showing evidence of expression and chimeric structures.
  • These genes are typically GC-rich and originate from GC-rich parental sequences.
  • Transposable elements preferentially capture sequences from low-methylation, high-recombination genomic regions.
  • Dynamic changes in DNA methylation within transposable elements, potentially regulated by small RNA pathways, were observed.
  • Genes derived from these elements are often expressed in mature pollen, facilitated by de-methylation programming.

Conclusions:

  • DNA methylation is a crucial mechanism for the origin, survival, and regulation of genes derived from Mutator-like transposable elements.
  • These processes contribute significantly to gene innovation and novelty within plant genomes.