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Related Concept Videos

The Pituitary Gland01:17

The Pituitary Gland

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The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.
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Hormones of the Pituitary Gland01:27

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The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
The most abundantly secreted hormone from the anterior lobe is the growth hormone, which controls overall growth by...
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The Pineal Gland01:02

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The pineal gland, a diminutive endocrine structure named for its pinecone-shaped appearance, is situated atop the third ventricle within the diencephalon region of the forebrain. This gland, composed of secretory cells known as pinealocytes arranged in compact cords and clusters around dense particles of calcium salts, plays a pivotal role in hormonal regulation.
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Structures of the Endocrine System00:59

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The intricate framework of the endocrine system encompasses a diverse array of glands, with their target tissues and organs strategically distributed throughout the body. Central to this network are the endocrine glands, specialized structures that lack ducts and release hormones directly into the interstitial fluid. Notably, the hypothalamus, a vital neuroendocrine organ situated in the brain, governs neural functions and serves as a potent source of hormonal regulation. Near the hypothalamus...
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Diencephalon: Hypothalamus and Coordination01:23

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The hypothalamus is a small yet highly complex and essential brain region that plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions. Anatomically, it is located at the base of the brain, just above the brainstem and below the thalamus, forming part of the limbic system.
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Diencephalon: Anatomical Regions01:30

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The diencephalon, etymologically translated as 'through brain,' plays an integral role as the conduit between the cerebrum and the vast extent of the nervous system. However, the olfactory system is an exception, as it interfaces directly with the cerebrum. The diencephalon, deeply ensconced beneath the cerebrum, primarily consists of three paired structures — the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithelamus. It also includes accessory structures such as the subthalamus, which houses the...
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Development of Organoids from Mouse Pituitary as In Vitro Model to Explore Pituitary Stem Cell Biology
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Where art thou pituitary?

Vaibhav Ingle1, Prafulla Kumar Maharana2

  • 1All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.

BMJ Case Reports
|May 8, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A middle-aged woman experienced premature menopause and vomiting due to pituitary hypofunction. This case highlights the importance of considering secondary causes for hormone deficiencies, leading to a timely diagnosis.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Neuroendocrinology

Background:

  • Premature menopause and recurrent hyponatremia can stem from complex hormonal imbalances.
  • Initial evaluations often focus on primary endocrine gland function, potentially delaying diagnosis of central causes.

Observation:

  • A middle-aged woman presented with premature menopause and episodes of vomiting with hyponatremia.
  • Hormone level analysis revealed inappropriately low pituitary tropic hormones (thyroid stimulating hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone) relative to low target hormones (free thyroxine, estradiol).

Findings:

  • Pituitary stimulation testing, specifically an insulin challenge test, confirmed secondary hypofunction (pituitary insufficiency).
  • Pituitary imaging identified an uncommon etiology for the observed hypopituitarism.

Implications:

  • This case underscores the necessity of comprehensive pituitary evaluation in patients with unexplained hypogonadism and electrolyte disturbances.
  • Recognizing uncommon causes of hypopituitarism is crucial for accurate diagnosis and effective management of complex endocrine disorders.