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Updated: Mar 21, 2026
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A Vibrotactile Feedback Device for Seated Balance Assessment and Training
Published on: January 20, 2019
6.9K
Evaluating feedback time delay during perturbed and unperturbed balance in handstand
Glen M Blenkinsop1, Matthew T G Pain1, Michael J Hiley1
1School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK.
Human Movement Science
|May 9, 2016
Summary
Balance feedback delays are shorter during perturbed handstands compared to unperturbed ones. This suggests that balance measures from perturbed testing shouldn't be generalized to unperturbed balance.
Area of Science:
- Biomechanics
- Human motor control
- Sports science
Background:
- Assessing balance feedback delays is crucial for understanding motor control.
- Muscle activity onset latencies are commonly used to measure these delays in response to perturbations.
Purpose of the Study:
- To calculate electromyography (EMG) latencies during perturbed handstands.
- To compare these latencies with those during unperturbed handstands.
Main Methods:
- Twelve national-level gymnasts performed perturbed and unperturbed handstands (eyes open/closed).
- Forearm EMG latencies were assessed against estimates from cross-correlation, a proportional-integral-derivative (PD) model, and a passive stiffness-PD model.
Main Results:
- PD and passive stiffness-PD models yielded delay estimates consistent with EMG latencies.
- Cross-correlation methods produced unrealistic low estimates.
- Delays were significantly lower in perturbed (188±14ms) versus unperturbed handstands (eyes open: 207±12ms; eyes closed: 220±19ms).
Conclusions:
- Significant differences in delays between perturbed and unperturbed handstands were observed.
- Balance measures from perturbed testing cannot be generalized to unperturbed balance scenarios.
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