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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

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Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.
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The liver is an important organ in vertebrates that plays an essential role in metabolism. It is also responsible for storing and redistributing nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, and vitamins in the body. Additionally, the liver releases bile salts which are critical for digesting food and eliminating toxic metabolites from the body.
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A Three-Dimensional Spheroid Model to Investigate the Tumor-Stromal Interaction in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
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Hepatocellular carcinoma.

Josep M Llovet1,2,3, Jessica Zucman-Rossi4,5,6,7, Eli Pikarsky8

  • 1Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases and RM Transplant Institute, Tisch Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Madison Avenue 1425, 11F-70, Box 1123, New York, New York 10029, USA.

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Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major global health concern. New therapies and biomarkers are urgently needed to improve treatment strategies and patient outcomes for liver cancer.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Hepatology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer and a leading cause of cancer death worldwide.
  • Key risk factors include viral hepatitis (B and C), alcohol, and aflatoxin B1, with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis emerging as a significant factor.
  • Despite advances in understanding molecular drivers, many are not yet targetable, and molecular classification remains undefined.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current landscape of liver cancer (HCC) management.
  • To highlight the unmet needs in diagnosis, treatment, and patient stratification.
  • To emphasize the necessity for novel therapeutic strategies and biomarkers.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current clinical guidelines and staging systems (e.g., Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer).
  • Analysis of existing therapeutic options for early, intermediate, and advanced HCC.
  • Examination of recent research on molecular pathogenesis and drug development failures.

Main Results:

  • Early-stage HCC offers curative options (resection, transplant, ablation) via surveillance.
  • Intermediate and advanced HCC have limited systemic treatment benefits (chemoembolization, sorafenib).
  • Significant unmet needs exist for effective therapies, biomarkers, and improved trial designs.

Conclusions:

  • There is a critical need for novel therapies, combination treatments, and adjuvant strategies for HCC.
  • Development of biomarkers for therapy stratification and patient-tailored approaches is essential.
  • Refined clinical trial designs are required to overcome recent setbacks in systemic drug testing.