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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Eye01:20

Muscles of the Eye

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The muscles of the eye are sophisticated structures that control eye movement and focus, allowing for the precise and rapid adjustments necessary for vision. The human eye is controlled by ten muscles — six extraocular muscles, three intraocular muscles, and one primary eyelid retractor muscle.
Extraocular Muscles
The six extraocular muscles surround the eyeball and control its movements. They are responsible for a wide range of eye motions, including looking up, down, left, right, and...
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Accessory Structures of the Eye01:17

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Optical perception, or vision, is an extraordinary sense dependent on converting light signals received via the ocular organs. These organs, known as eyes, are securely positioned within the bony cavities of the skull, called orbits. The orbits serve a dual purpose: a protective shield for the ocular globes and a stable attachment point for the soft ocular tissues. The eye's external protective mechanisms include the eyelids, which are edged with lashes that act as a barrier against foreign...
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Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
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Muscles that Move the Head01:19

Muscles that Move the Head

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The muscles that move the head are a dynamic and complex group of structures that work together to facilitate a wide range of head movements, including rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending.
The bilateral sternocleidomastoid, or SCM, and the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles are significant head flexors. The SCM muscles originate at the sternum and clavicle and attach to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. The SCM contracts bilaterally to bend the head forward, whereas...
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Muscles for Facial Expressions01:14

Muscles for Facial Expressions

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The craniofacial muscles are a collection of approximately 20 thin skeletal muscles situated beneath the skin of the face and scalp. These muscles, primarily responsible for the vast array of human facial expressions, originate from the bones or fibrous structures of the skull and extend outwards to connect with the skin. While most skeletal muscles in the body are enveloped in thick fascia, facial muscles generally have a more delicate fascial covering, with the buccinator muscle being a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 21, 2026

Optic Nerve Transection: A Model of Adult Neuron Apoptosis in the Central Nervous System
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Classifying medial rectus muscle attachment in consecutive exotropia.

Jae Ho Jung1, David A Leske2, Jonathan M Holmes2

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Ophthalmology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, South Korea.

Journal of AAPOS : the Official Publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus
|May 11, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Interexaminer agreement for medial rectus muscle attachment in consecutive exotropia was moderate. Disagreements often occurred between stretched scar and slipped muscle, suggesting they be combined as abnormal scleral attachment.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Strabismus Surgery
  • Surgical Anatomy

Background:

  • Consecutive exotropia requires precise surgical correction.
  • Accurate assessment of medial rectus muscle (MRM) attachment is crucial for successful strabismus surgery.
  • Variations in MRM attachment can complicate surgical outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the reliability of classifying medial rectus muscle attachment in patients with consecutive exotropia.
  • To evaluate interexaminer agreement on the classification of MRM attachment during surgery.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of intraoperative photographs from 26 eyes of 25 patients undergoing surgery for consecutive exotropia.
  • Two independent examiners classified MRM attachment into four categories: normal, stretched scar, slipped muscle, or lost muscle.
  • Weighted kappa (κ) statistic was used to evaluate interexaminer agreement.

Main Results:

  • Moderate agreement was observed between the two examiners (κ = 0.41), with agreement in 58% of cases.
  • The majority of disagreements (64%) occurred between the 'stretched scar' and 'slipped muscle' categories.
  • Disagreements often involved muscles exhibiting characteristics of both entities.

Conclusions:

  • The distinction between a stretched scar and a slipped muscle in MRM attachment is clinically ambiguous.
  • A unified classification of 'abnormal scleral attachment' is proposed to encompass these ambiguous findings.
  • This proposed classification may improve consistency in surgical assessment and reporting.