Human anthelminthic vaccines: Rationale and challenges.

Area of Science:

• Neglected Tropical Diseases
• Vaccinology
• Global Health

Background:

• Helminth infections affect billions globally, particularly in impoverished regions.
• Mass drug administration (MDA) has reduced some helminth infections, but not hookworm, schistosomiasis, or food-borne trematodiases.
• Current control strategies are insufficient for persistent helminthiasis.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the development of novel human anthelmintic vaccines.
• To assess the potential of these vaccines in controlling prevalent helminth infections.
• To identify challenges and opportunities for vaccine implementation.

Main Methods:

• Development of five human anthelmintic vaccines (two for hookworm, three for schistosomiasis) through discovery, manufacture, and Phase 1 clinical testing.
• Advancement of three additional vaccine candidates (two for onchocerciasis, one for schistosomiasis) through preclinical development.
• Exploration of vaccine integration into Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) or combined with MDA.

Main Results:

• Five anthelmintic vaccines have reached Phase 1 clinical trials.
• Additional vaccine candidates are progressing through preclinical stages.
• Potential for vaccine use as standalone or complementary interventions.

Conclusions:

• Human anthelmintic vaccines show promise for controlling major helminth infections.
• Significant hurdles exist in vaccine development, manufacturing, regulatory approval, and health system integration.
• International support is crucial to overcome challenges and realize the public health and economic benefits of these vaccines.