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Related Concept Videos

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

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Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Role Of Notch Signalling In Intestinal Stem Cell Renewal01:12

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Notch signaling was first discovered in Drosophila melanogaster, where it is involved in cell lineage differentiation. Notch signaling regulates the maintenance and differentiation of intestinal stem cells or ISCs by controlling the expression of atonal homolog 1 or Atoh1. Atoh1 directs cells to differentiate into secretory cells.
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TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

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The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors...
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
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Characterization of Thymus-dependent and Thymus-independent Immunoglobulin Isotype Responses in Mice Using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay
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STAT3 signaling in immunity.

Emily J Hillmer1, Huiyuan Zhang1, Haiyan S Li1

  • 1Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.

Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews
|May 18, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is crucial for health, as both its overactivation and underactivation cause human diseases. This review focuses on STAT3

Keywords:
CytokinesImmune systemInflammationSTAT3

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular biology
  • Immunology
  • Developmental biology

Background:

  • Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) regulates critical biological processes.
  • STAT3 dysfunction is linked to immunodeficiency, autoimmunity, and cancer.
  • Precise STAT3 regulation is essential for maintaining health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the diverse biological roles of STAT3.
  • To highlight recent discoveries concerning STAT3.
  • To focus on STAT3's function in immune and hematopoietic systems.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research.
  • Analysis of recent findings on STAT3.
  • Focus on immune and hematopoietic system functions.

Main Results:

  • STAT3 controls inflammation and immunity.
  • STAT3 mutations are associated with various human diseases.
  • Both hyperactivation and inactivation of STAT3 lead to disease.

Conclusions:

  • Aberrant STAT3 function is a driver of human disease.
  • Further investigation into STAT3 mechanisms is needed.
  • Novel therapeutic strategies targeting STAT3 may improve disease outcomes.