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Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a continually advancing neurodegenerative disorder, distinguished by escalating memory loss, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. The disease unfolds in three stages: preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Its onset is insidious, and the progression gradual, with the cause not well explained by other disorders.
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Alzheimer's disease.

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Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder. Early detection of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide accumulation is possible, but current treatments only manage symptoms, not the disease itself.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Gerontology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder with extensive preclinical and prodromal phases.
  • AD affects 10-30% of individuals over 65, with an incidence of 1-3%.
  • The majority (>95%) of AD cases are sporadic, late-onset forms linked to impaired amyloid-beta (Aβ) clearance in the brain.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the current understanding of Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management.
  • To highlight the challenges in treating the underlying mechanisms of AD.
  • To emphasize the importance of early detection and supportive care.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on Alzheimer's disease.
  • Analysis of prevalence, incidence, and etiological factors.
  • Discussion of diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic strategies.

Main Results:

  • Alzheimer's disease has a long preclinical phase (20 years) and a clinical duration of 8-10 years.
  • Sporadic AD, characterized by impaired Aβ clearance, typically manifests late (80-90 years).
  • Early detection of Aβ accumulation is feasible via cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers and PET imaging.

Conclusions:

  • Current interventions for Alzheimer's disease primarily manage symptoms, not the underlying pathology.
  • No approved treatments can modify the disease's progression.
  • Management focuses on supportive care and treating comorbidities like cerebrovascular disease.