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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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Leprdb Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes: Pancreatic Islet Isolation and Live-cell 2-Photon Imaging Of Intact Islets
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Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Ralph A DeFronzo1, Ele Ferrannini2, Leif Groop3

  • 1Diabetes Division, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System and Texas Diabetes Institute, 701 S. Zarzamoro, San Antonio, Texas 78207, USA.

Nature Reviews. Disease Primers
|May 19, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a growing global health issue linked to obesity. Effective management requires addressing multiple defects with combination therapies to improve quality of life and prevent complications.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a significant and expanding global health concern, strongly associated with the rising prevalence of obesity.
  • Hyperglycemia and metabolic syndrome components in T2DM patients elevate risks for microvascular (retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy) and macrovascular (cardiovascular) complications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the complex pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
  • To highlight the need for combination therapies in managing T2DM.
  • To identify critical areas for future therapeutic development.

Main Methods:

  • This primer synthesizes current knowledge on T2DM pathophysiology.
  • It reviews contributing environmental and genetic factors.
  • It discusses the core defects of insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion.

Main Results:

  • T2DM involves multiple pathophysiological abnormalities beyond insulin resistance and secretion defects.
  • Effective glycemic control in T2DM necessitates combination pharmacotherapy.
  • Current treatments aim for efficacy, safety, and improved quality of life.

Conclusions:

  • The multifaceted nature of T2DM pathogenesis requires combination treatment strategies.
  • Future therapeutic advancements should focus on enhancing insulin sensitivity, preserving pancreatic beta-cell function, and mitigating microvascular complications.
  • Addressing the complex interplay of factors is crucial for better T2DM management.