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When a substance—isolated from its environment—is subjected to heat changes, corresponding changes in temperature and phase of the substance is observed; this is graphically represented by heating and cooling curves.
For instance, the addition of heat raises the temperature of a solid; the amount of heat absorbed depends on the heat capacity of the solid (q = mcsolidΔT). According to thermochemistry, the relation between the amount of heat absorbed or released by a substance, q, and its...
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Thermal Energy Microscopically, thermal energy is the kinetic energy associated with the random motion of atoms and molecules. Temperature is a quantitative measure of “hot” or “cold”, which depends on the amount of thermal energy. When the atoms and molecules in an object are moving or vibrating quickly, they have a higher average kinetic energy (KE) (or higher thermal energy), and the object is perceived as “hot”, or it is described as being at a higher temperature. When the...
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Heat is a type of energy transfer that is caused by a temperature difference, and it can change the temperature of an object. Since heat is a form of energy, its SI unit is the joule (J). Another common unit of energy often used for heat is the calorie (cal), which is defined as the energy needed to change the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 °C, specifically between 14.5 °C and 15.5 °C, since the energy needed shows a slight temperature dependence. Another commonly used unit is...
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A thermometer measures body temperature. The common sites for measuring body temperature are the oral cavity, axillary region, temporal artery, and skin surface, such as the forehead, abdomen, and axilla. True core body temperature is assessed in the rectum, tympanic membrane, pulmonary artery, esophagus, and urinary bladder.
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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II01:20

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In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...
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Understanding heat transfer mechanisms is essential for understanding how our bodies maintain balance in different environmental conditions. When the environment is thermoneutral, the body is in a state of balance, neither using nor releasing energy to maintain its core temperature. However, when the environment is not thermoneutral, the body employs four heat transfer mechanisms to maintain homeostasis: conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation. These mechanisms facilitate heat...
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Heatmapper: web-enabled heat mapping for all.

Sasha Babicki1, David Arndt1, Ana Marcu1

  • 1Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E8, Canada.

Nucleic Acids Research
|May 19, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Heatmapper is a free web server for creating diverse heat maps from various data types, offering an intuitive interface for researchers. It supports multiple visualization options and data formats for easy data exploration and sharing.

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Area of Science:

  • Bioinformatics
  • Data Visualization
  • Scientific Computing

Background:

  • Existing heat map tools often lack user-friendly graphical interfaces or are limited in functionality.
  • There is a need for a versatile, accessible platform for generating diverse heat map visualizations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce Heatmapper, a freely available web server for interactive heat map generation.
  • To provide a versatile tool supporting a wide range of data types and applications.

Main Methods:

  • The Heatmapper web server utilizes an easy-to-use graphical interface.
  • It supports the generation, clustering, and visualization of various heat map types.
  • Data upload is supported in text, Excel, or tab-delimited formats, with download options in PNG, JPG, and PDF.

Main Results:

  • Heatmapper enables the creation of expression-based heat maps (transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic), pairwise distance maps, correlation maps, image overlay heat maps, and geographical heat maps (latitude/longitude, choropleth).
  • Users can customize appearance and plotting parameters with intuitive options.
  • Interactive data exploration is facilitated through cell hovering and a searchable data table.

Conclusions:

  • Heatmapper is a versatile and user-friendly tool for visualizing diverse biological and scientific data.
  • It caters to a broad audience, including researchers, educators, and students across various scientific disciplines.