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Related Concept Videos

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Clinical manifestationsPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) manifests through a range of symptoms, from the characteristic intermittent claudication to atypical presentations and severe complications in advanced stages. Intermittent claudication, a hallmark symptom of PAD, presents as exercise-induced muscle pain that typically resolves within minutes of rest. This pain is reproducible and stems from inadequate blood flow, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid produced during anaerobic...
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The external iliac artery transitions out of the body cavity, entering the femoral region of the lower leg, and is renamed the femoral artery at the point where it traverses the body wall. This artery is responsible for the distribution of blood to the thigh's deep muscles and the skin's ventral and lateral regions, achieved through several minor branches and the lateral deep femoral artery, which also spawns a lateral circumflex artery. The knee area receives blood from the genicular...
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Peripheral artery disease (PAD) predominantly results from atherosclerosis, which involves the accumulation of fatty deposits, or plaques, within the walls of arteries. This causes them to narrow and harden, significantly reducing blood flow. PAD predominantly affects the legs, particularly the arteries supplying the thighs and calves. In rare cases, it may involve other arteries, including those in the arms.Etiology of PAD:The principal cause of PAD is atherosclerosis, which results from fatty...
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The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
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Measuring the Carotid to Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity Cf-PWV to Evaluate Arterial Stiffness
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Arterial Stiffness Gradient.

Catherine Fortier1, Mohsen Agharazii1

  • 1CHU de Québec Research Center, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec Hospital, and Division of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Qué., Canada.

Pulse (Basel, Switzerland)
|May 20, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The arterial stiffness gradient, crucial for cardiovascular health, naturally increases with distance from the heart. A loss in this gradient, measured by the pulse wave velocity (PWV) ratio, better predicts mortality than aortic stiffness alone.

Keywords:
Aortic stiffnessArterial stiffness gradientEnd-organ damageMedium-sized muscular arteryMortality

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Physiology
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Clinical Risk Prediction

Background:

  • Aortic stiffness is a significant predictor of cardiovascular mortality.
  • Medium-sized conduit arteries play a key role in regulating pulsatile pressure and organ perfusion.
  • Understanding arterial mechanics is vital for improving risk prediction models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the arterial stiffness gradient.
  • To discuss the role of medium-sized arteries in pressure regulation.
  • To provide a rationale for integrating arterial mechanical properties into risk prediction.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on arterial stiffness and the stiffness gradient.
  • Discussion of the physiological mechanisms underlying the stiffness gradient.
  • Analysis of the utility of the pulse wave velocity (PWV) ratio in risk stratification.

Main Results:

  • The physiological arterial stiffness gradient involves increasing vascular stiffness away from the heart, attenuating pressure waves.
  • Loss or reversal of the stiffness gradient transmits pulsatile pressure to the microcirculation.
  • The PWV ratio (carotid-femoral PWV to carotid-radial PWV) is a superior predictor of mortality compared to carotid-femoral PWV in a dialysis cohort.

Conclusions:

  • The stiffness gradient hypothesis explains the beneficial effects of arterial mechanics on both cardiac and peripheral circulation.
  • A higher stiffness in medium-sized arteries may protect the microcirculation from excessive pulsatility.
  • The PWV ratio offers a more logical approach to risk determination by better estimating stiffness gradient loss.