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Updated: Mar 21, 2026

Façade-Level Monitoring of CO2 Variability under Urban Heat Island Conditions using Low-Cost Sensor Data Loggers
Published on: December 12, 2025
City-integrated renewable energy for urban sustainability
Daniel M Kammen1, Deborah A Sunter2
1Energy and Resources Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. Goldman School of Public Policy, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Abstract:
To prepare for an urban influx of 2.5 billion people by 2050, it is critical to create cities that are low-carbon, resilient, and livable. Cities not only contribute to global climate change by emitting the majority of anthropogenic greenhouse gases but also are particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change and extreme weather. We explore options for establishing sustainable energy systems by reducing energy consumption, particularly in the buildings and transportation sectors, and providing robust, decentralized, and renewable energy sources. Through technical advancements in power density, city-integrated renewable energy will be better suited to satisfy the high-energy demands of growing urban areas. Several economic, technical, behavioral, and political challenges need to be overcome for innovation to improve urban sustainability.
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