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Related Concept Videos

Gas Exchange and Transport01:20

Gas Exchange and Transport

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Gas exchange, the intake of molecular oxygen (O2) from the environment and the outflow of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the environment, is necessary for cellular function. Gas exchange during respiration occurs largely via the movement of gas molecules along pressure gradients. Gas travels from areas of higher partial pressure to areas of lower partial pressure. In mammals, gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs, which are adjacent to capillaries and share a membrane with them.
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Oxygen Delivering System II: Venturi Mask and Transtracheal Oxygen01:16

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Oxygen therapy is a pivotal aspect of medical care, particularly for patients with respiratory ailments. Two prominent oxygen-delivering systems include the Venturi mask and the transtracheal oxygen catheter.
Venturi Mask
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Bioremediation00:46

Bioremediation

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Bioremediation is the use of prokaryotes, fungi, or plants to remove pollutants from the environment. This process has been used to remove harmful toxins in groundwater as a byproduct of agricultural run-off and also to clean up oil spills.
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Short-distance Transport of Resources02:12

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Short-distance transport refers to transport that occurs over a distance of just 2-3 cells, crossing the plasma membrane in the process. Small uncharged molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water, can diffuse across the plasma membrane on their own. In contrast, ions and larger molecules require the assistance of transport proteins due to their charge or size. Transport across membranes also occurs within individual cells, playing a variety of essential roles for the plant as a whole.
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Respiration and Gaseous Exchange01:20

Respiration and Gaseous Exchange

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The intricate interplay between the cardiovascular and respiratory systems is crucial for efficiently transporting respiratory gases throughout the body. Let us explore the cardiovascular system's multifaceted functions, emphasizing its pivotal role in gas exchange.
Respiration involves the exchange of gases, especially oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2), between the alveoli and body cells, a process facilitated by blood circulation. As a result, the cardiovascular system, which involves...
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Bioreactor Controls-II01:18

Bioreactor Controls-II

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In aerobic fermentations, oxygen is vital for microbial growth and metabolite production. Since air comprises only about 20% oxygen and the gas is poorly soluble in water—just 9 ppm at 20°C—supplying sufficient oxygen becomes a critical challenge, especially in high-demand processes like yeast growth or citric acid production. Even a fully saturated broth may offer only a few seconds of oxygen availability.To address this, sterile or scrubbed air is introduced into the...
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Author Spotlight: Scaling Microalgal Biotechnology for Enhanced Biomethane Production
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Transport solutions for cleaner air.

Frank J Kelly1, Tong Zhu2

  • 1National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Heath Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK. frank.kelly@kcl.ac.uk tzhu@pku.edu.cn.

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Urban air pollution from vehicles is a global challenge. Expanding mass transit is essential for efficient city transport and cleaner air, as emission controls alone are insufficient.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Urban Planning
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Road transport is a major contributor to urban air pollution, causing significant health issues.
  • Current emission control strategies in cities like London and Beijing have proven insufficient to manage air quality effectively.
  • Growing urban populations exacerbate transport emission challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effectiveness of current urban transport policies in controlling air pollution.
  • To identify sustainable solutions for managing urban transport emissions amidst city growth.
  • To highlight the role of mass transit in addressing urban air quality challenges.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of existing urban transport policies and their impact on air pollutant concentrations.
  • Review of case studies from major global cities (London, Beijing).
  • Assessment of the scalability of zero-emission vehicles in dense urban environments.

Main Results:

  • Congestion charging and low-emission zones have not adequately controlled nitrogen dioxide levels.
  • Car purchase and usage restrictions in Beijing have not sufficiently reduced transport emissions.
  • Zero-emission vehicles alone are not a comprehensive solution for growing urban transport demands.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of urban air pollution requires more than just vehicle emission controls.
  • Expanding and enhancing mass transit systems is critical for efficient urban mobility.
  • Integrated urban planning prioritizing mass transit is necessary for sustainable city development and improved air quality.