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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

7
Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.
7
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test01:22

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

249
In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess...
249
Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

2.2K
Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not...
2.2K
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Active Drug, Metabolite and Fraction of Metabolized Drug01:14

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Active Drug, Metabolite and Fraction of Metabolized Drug

283
In pharmacotherapy, monitoring drug concentrations is paramount, especially for drugs whose therapeutic effects hinge on both the active compound and its metabolite. Hepatic impairment profoundly influences drug potency by altering liver function. If the drug is more potent than its metabolite, impaired liver function amplifies drug activity due to elevated drug concentration levels. Conversely, if the metabolite holds greater potency, diminished liver function diminishes drug activity by...
283
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow01:26

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow

329
Chronic liver disease significantly impacts drug metabolism due to alterations in hepatic blood flow and enzyme accessibility. This disruption affects the body's pharmacokinetics—the movement and processing of drugs within the system. Key enzymes crucial for metabolizing medications become less accessible, changing how drugs are processed and utilized. Furthermore, liver disease influences the synthesis of plasma proteins, such as albumin and globulins, which play critical roles in drug...
329
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Dose Adjustments Due to Hepatic Impairment01:08

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Dose Adjustments Due to Hepatic Impairment

331
Hepatic impairment, characterized by decreased liver function, does not uniformly mandate adjustments in drug dosage. Whether dosage modifications are necessary depends on various factors related to the drug's metabolism and elimination pathways. If a drug is primarily excreted via the kidneys and bypasses significant hepatic processing, if it undergoes minimal metabolic transformation in the liver, or if it is volatile and primarily expelled through the lungs, dose adjustments may not be...
331

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Related Experiment Video

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A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
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Hepatitis E: latest developments in knowledge.

M Teresa Pérez-Gracia1, Beatriz Suay-García1, Mario García1

  • 1Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Farmacia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Avenida Seminario s/n 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain.

Future Microbiology
|May 21, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes a prevalent zoonotic disease, emerging in developed nations. Diagnosis involves serology and RNA detection, with ribavirin, pegylated-IFN-α, and vaccines offering treatment and prevention options.

Keywords:
HEVepidemiologyhepatitis Ehepatitis E virusreplicationtreatmentvaccine

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a significant cause of liver disease, particularly in developing regions.
  • Autochthonous HEV infections are increasingly recognized in developed countries, highlighting its emergent nature.
  • Hepatitis E is a zoonosis with known parenteral transmission routes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the epidemiology and clinical manifestations of Hepatitis E.
  • To discuss the diagnostic approaches for HEV infection.
  • To summarize current and emerging treatment and prevention strategies for Hepatitis E.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on Hepatitis E epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and management.
  • Synthesis of information regarding HEV replication, transmission, and extrahepatic manifestations.
  • Evaluation of therapeutic interventions and vaccine efficacy.

Main Results:

  • HEV infection presents with diverse clinical manifestations, including chronic hepatitis and fulminant hepatitis.
  • Diagnosis relies on serological tests and detection of HEV RNA in biological samples.
  • Effective treatments include ribavirin and pegylated-IFN-α, alongside a recently approved vaccine for prevention.

Conclusions:

  • Hepatitis E poses a substantial public health challenge globally, with evolving epidemiology.
  • Understanding HEV's molecular mechanisms remains crucial, despite limitations in cell culture systems.
  • A combination of diagnostic accuracy, therapeutic options, and vaccination is key to controlling HEV infection.