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Neural Regulation01:37

Neural Regulation

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Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.
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Hormonal Regulation01:40

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Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.
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The gut–brain axis is a bidirectional communication system that connects the gastrointestinal tract and the brain. This interaction is mediated through multiple pathways, including the vagus nerve, hormonal signals, immune responses, and chemical messengers produced by gut microbes.Microbial Contributions to Brain FunctionGut microbiota contributes significantly to brain function by producing neuroactive compounds. These include neuroactive compounds that influence neurotransmitters such...
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Neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors are distributed across the GI tract, vagal afferents, and key CNS regions including the central vomiting center and chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) Chemotherapy agents stimulate enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to release large amounts of substance P (SP). SP is a neuropeptide released by specific sensory nerves in response to many different stressors, including those in the GI mucosa affected by chemotherapy.  SP binds and activates...
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Enteroendocrine cells, accounting for only 1% of stomach epithelial cells, play a significant role in digestion and are classified by their digestive hormone secretions.
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Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders01:20

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Gastrointestinal or GI motility disorders are characterized by irregular gastrointestinal tract movements, disrupting food transit from the mouth to the anus. They are caused by damage or dysfunction in gut muscles or nerves. These disorders can cause symptoms such as severe constipation, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and swallowing difficulties. Disorders can affect any segment of the GI tract and range widely in severity, from common conditions like GERD to life-threatening conditions like...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 20, 2026

Establishment and Characterization of Small Bowel Neuroendocrine Tumor Spheroids
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Digestive neuroendocrine neoplasms: A 2016 overview.

Elettra Merola1, Maria Rinzivillo1, Noemi Cicchese1

  • 1Department of Digestive and Liver Disease, S. Andrea Hospital, II Medical School of "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy.

Digestive and Liver Disease : Official Journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver
|May 24, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Digestive neuroendocrine neoplasms (DNENs) are chronic diseases with long survival. Advances in targeted therapies offer new hope for patients with advanced-stage DNENs.

Keywords:
Digestive neuroendocrine neoplasmsPrognostic factorsTargeted therapiesmTOR pathway

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Digestive neuroendocrine neoplasms (DNENs) are chronic diseases with long survival rates.
  • High incidence of advanced-stage (IV) diagnosis (up to 80%) impacts prognosis, with 5-year survival rates of 35%-55%.
  • DNENs frequently express somatostatin receptors (over 80%), guiding treatment selection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of pancreatic and small bowel neuroendocrine neoplasms.
  • To critically analyze current therapeutic options and identify areas needing further investigation.
  • To highlight recent advancements in targeted therapies for DNENs.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on digestive neuroendocrine neoplasms.
  • Analysis of diagnostic methods including immunohistochemistry and functional imaging tests (FITs).
  • Evaluation of therapeutic strategies, including somatostatin analogs (SSAs), peptide receptor radionuclide therapy, and targeted therapies (Everolimus, Sunitinib).

Main Results:

  • DNENs are characterized by long survival, often considered chronic oncological diseases.
  • Somatostatin receptor expression is a key biomarker for selecting patients for specific therapies.
  • Emerging targeted therapies, based on identified molecular pathways, are expanding treatment options.

Conclusions:

  • DNENs represent a significant clinical challenge due to late-stage diagnosis and complex management.
  • Targeted therapies and receptor-based treatments offer promising avenues for improving patient outcomes.
  • Further research is crucial to clarify remaining issues and optimize future treatment strategies for DNENs.