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Chronic Bronchitis and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Among Textile Workers in Karachi, Pakistan
Asaad Ahmed Nafees1, Zafar Fatmi1, Muhammad Masood Kadir1
1Department of Community Health Sciences, The Aga Khan University, Karachi.
Objective:
To determine the frequency and predictors of chronic bronchitis and COPD among textile workers in Karachi, Pakistan.
Study Design:
Cross-sectional survey.
Place And Duration Of Study:
Karachi, Pakistan, from October to December 2009.
Methodology:
Male textile workers from 15 mills of Karachi were inducted. Data was collected using American Thoracic Society respiratory questionnaire (ATS-DLD-78-a) and spirometry.
Results:
Out of 372 participants, 29 (7.8%) workers had chronic bronchitis (4, 9.1% aged ≥40 years) and 25 (6.7%) had COPD (12, 27.2% aged ≥40 years). Workers with chronic bronchitis had significantly decreased lung function compared to the healthy workers. Those reporting severe self-perceived dust exposure at work, ≥ 10 pack years of smoking, uneducated, longer duration of work (≥11 years), and ever smokers were more likely to have chronic bronchitis or COPD. In the multivariate analyses, severe self-perceived dust exposure at work (AOR = 7.4; 95% CI: 1.9, 28.0), family history of respiratory illness/symptoms (AOR = 4.8; 95% CI: 1.1, 20.9) and lack of education (AOR = 4.2; 95% CI: 1.1, 16.9) were significant predictors of chronic bronchitis. Duration of work ≥11 years (AOR = 5.5; 95% CI: 1.5, 19.7) and pack years of smoking ≥10 years (AOR = 3.5; 95% CI: 1.1, 11.7) were strong predictors for COPD.
Conclusion:
There is a high frequency of chronic bronchitis and COPD among textile workers. Multiple important predictors for prevention are identified.