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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Types of RNA01:23

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After...
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Environmental Health and Long Non-coding RNAs.

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Environmental factors influence disease risk through epigenetics. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are key regulators of gene expression, impacting health, disease, and serving as biomarkers for environmental exposures.

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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics and Molecular Biology
  • Environmental Health Sciences

Background:

  • Common disease risk arises from gene-environment interactions.
  • Epigenetic mechanisms like DNA methylation and histone modifications mediate environmental impacts on genes.
  • Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as critical epigenetic regulators.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the function of lncRNAs in epigenetic regulation.
  • To highlight the role of lncRNAs in health and disease.
  • To explore lncRNAs as biomarkers of environmental exposure.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of lncRNA function in epigenetics.
  • Analysis of lncRNA roles in gene regulation at multiple levels.
  • Examination of lncRNA involvement in disease pathogenesis and environmental monitoring.

Main Results:

  • LncRNAs, transcribed RNA molecules >200 nucleotides, regulate gene expression.
  • They control gene regulation via chromatin structure and DNA methylation.
  • Few lncRNAs are fully characterized, but their regulatory potential is vast.

Conclusions:

  • LncRNAs are significant regulators of cellular processes.
  • They play crucial roles in maintaining health and developing disease.
  • LncRNAs show promise as biomarkers for environmental exposures and health outcomes.