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Related Concept Videos

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Adverse Effects01:21

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Adverse Effects

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Skeletal muscle relaxants are widely used for muscle paralysis and relieving pain following any muscle injury or stiffness. However, depending on the drug type, they can have adverse effects that range from mild to severe. Usually, nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers have minimal side effects. For example, drugs like d-tubocurarine, cisatracurium, and rocuronium cause hypotension, whereas drugs like baclofen, when stopped abruptly, can lead to the recurrence of spastic conditions.
Unlike...
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Classification of Skeletal Muscle Relaxants01:28

Classification of Skeletal Muscle Relaxants

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Skeletal muscle relaxants are a group of drugs that can reduce muscle stiffness and induce temporary paralysis to relieve pain. These agents can act centrally to reduce muscle tone or spasms in painful conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or spinal injuries; they are called antispasmodics or spasmolytics.
Peripherally acting skeletal muscle relaxants interfere with the neurotransmission at the neuromuscular end plate to induce paralysis during...
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Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions01:24

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

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Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...
142
Anticholinesterase Agents: Poisoning and Treatment01:26

Anticholinesterase Agents: Poisoning and Treatment

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Anticholinesterases, also known as cholinesterase inhibitors, work by blocking the breakdown of acetylcholine, leading to its accumulation in the synaptic cleft. This accumulation indirectly enhances both muscarinic and nicotinic actions. These agents are classified as reversible or irreversible based on their mechanism of action.     
Irreversible agents form a strong bond with the cholinesterase enzyme, making it inactive. The breakdown of the phosphorylated enzyme is...
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Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses01:24

Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses

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Centrally acting muscle relaxants reduce muscle tone and tension by interfering with the postsynaptic reflexes in the central nervous system.
Centrally acting drugs are classified into spasmolytic and antispasmodic drugs. Spasmolytic drugs such as baclofen, diazepam, and tizanidine inhibit spinal motor neurons and decrease muscle tone. Spasmolytic drugs are administered for severe and chronic spasms due to multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, stroke, and spinal cord and muscle injuries. However,...
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Depolarizing Blockers: Mechanism of Action01:28

Depolarizing Blockers: Mechanism of Action

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Depolarizing blockers act on skeletal muscle fibers' membranes and induce their depolarization. Most depolarizing blockers have two quaternary N+ atoms that bind the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and cause neuromuscular blockade within minutes.
Succinylcholine is the most commonly used depolarizing blocker. Chemically, it constitutes two molecules of acetylcholine joined together by an acetate methyl group. They act on the receptors in the same way as acetylcholine. Because...
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Updated: Mar 20, 2026

Rating L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesias in the Unilaterally 6-OHDA-Lesioned Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease
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Baclofen Toxicity Causing Acute, Reversible Dyskinesia.

Matthew T Niehaus1, Nicole C Elliott1, Kenneth D Katz2,3

  • 1Department of Emergency Medicine, Lehigh Valley Health Network, Cedar Crest Boulevard & I-78, Allentown, PA, 18103, USA.

Journal of Medical Toxicology : Official Journal of the American College of Medical Toxicology
|May 29, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Acute dyskinesia, characterized by involuntary movements, can occur due to oral baclofen toxicity. This case highlights the importance of monitoring baclofen dosage, especially in elderly patients with impaired kidney function.

Keywords:
Acute dyskinesiaNeurologic adverse effectsOral baclofen toxicityReduced GFR

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Clinical Toxicology

Background:

  • Elderly patients with multiple comorbidities, including chronic kidney disease, are at increased risk for adverse drug events.
  • Baclofen is a muscle relaxant commonly prescribed for spasticity, but toxicity can occur, particularly with renal impairment.

Observation:

  • An 80-year-old male with Stage III chronic kidney disease, coronary artery disease, diabetes, and stroke presented with acute behavioral changes and involuntary jerking movements.
  • The patient was recently prescribed oral baclofen 10mg twice daily for back strain.

Findings:

  • The patient's symptoms were consistent with acute dyskinesia, a movement disorder.
  • Discontinuation of baclofen and supportive care in the hospital led to symptom resolution within 48 hours.

Implications:

  • This case underscores the potential for baclofen toxicity, manifesting as acute dyskinesia, in elderly individuals with compromised renal function.
  • Careful dosing and monitoring of baclofen are crucial in patients with chronic kidney disease to prevent adverse events.
  • Recognition of baclofen toxicity is essential for timely diagnosis and management of drug-induced movement disorders.