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Related Concept Videos

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

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Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial...
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Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

Toxic Reactions: Overview

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When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...
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Necrosis01:16

Necrosis

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Necrosis is considered as an “accidental” or unexpected form of cell death that ends in cell lysis. The first noticeable mention of “necrosis” was in 1859 when Rudolf Virchow used this term to describe advanced tissue breakdown in his compilation titled “Cell Pathology”.
Morphological Manifestations of Necrosis
Necrotic cells show different types of morphological appearance depending on the type of tissue and infection. In coagulative necrosis, cells become...
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Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions01:24

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

142
Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...
142
Toxidromes: Clinical Features01:30

Toxidromes: Clinical Features

110
Toxidromes are specific patterns of symptoms resulting from toxic substance exposure. They help in the identification and treatment of poisoning. The symptoms of each toxidrome group indicate poisoning by a certain class of chemicals or drugs.1. Sympathomimetic: Stimulates the sympathetic nervous system. Symptoms include agitation, increased heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), respiratory rate (RR), temperature, and pupil size. Drugs like cocaine and amphetamines, along with tremors and...
110
Toxicokinetics: Overview01:21

Toxicokinetics: Overview

145
Studies that assess how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted (ADME) at toxic doses are termed toxicokinetics. Understanding toxicokinetics helps predict adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and manage toxicity in humans.Toxicokinetics differs from pharmacokinetics mainly in the dose levels studied, with toxicokinetics focusing on higher toxic doses. The kinetics at these levels can be non-linear due to altered physiological processes. Toxicodynamics examines the relationship...
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Updated: Mar 20, 2026

A Standardized Procedure of Dressing Management for Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
07:22

A Standardized Procedure of Dressing Management for Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis

Published on: March 14, 2025

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Toxic epidermal necrolysis.

Wolfram Hoetzenecker1, Tarun Mehra2, Ieva Saulite3

  • 1Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.

F1000Research
|May 31, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a severe drug reaction causing widespread skin death and detachment. While its exact cause is unknown, genetic factors and keratinocyte apoptosis are implicated, with treatments including immunomodulators.

Keywords:
Stevens-Johnson syndromeToxic epidermal necrolysiskeratinocyte cell deathskin detachment

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Immunology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a rare, severe adverse drug reaction.
  • It is characterized by extensive keratinocyte apoptosis, skin detachment, and mucosal involvement.
  • TEN has a high mortality rate, around 30%.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the uncertain pathogenic mechanisms of TEN.
  • To identify factors contributing to keratinocyte apoptosis in TEN.
  • To investigate the association between human leukocyte antigen (HLA) types, drugs, and TEN development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent advances in understanding TEN pathogenesis.
  • Identification of potential contributing factors to keratinocyte apoptosis.
  • Analysis of associations between specific HLA types and drug-induced TEN.

Main Results:

  • Several factors potentially inducing excessive keratinocyte apoptosis have been identified.
  • Specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA) types are associated with certain drugs and TEN.
  • The exact pathogenic mechanism of TEN remains uncertain.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding TEN pathogenesis is crucial for improving patient outcomes.
  • Genetic predisposition (HLA types) likely plays a role in drug-induced TEN.
  • Current treatment involves supportive care and immunomodulators like intravenous immunoglobulin due to a lack of controlled studies.