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Updated: Mar 20, 2026

An R-Based Landscape Validation of a Competing Risk Model
Published on: September 16, 2022
Understanding the relationship between safety investment and safety performance of construction projects through
Miaojia Lu1, Clara Man Cheung2, Heng Li3
1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong.
Abstract:
The construction industry in Hong Kong increased its safety investment by 300% in the past two decades; however, its accident rate has plateaued to around 50% for one decade. Against this backdrop, researchers have found inconclusive results on the causal relationship between safety investment and safety performance. Using agent-based modeling, this study takes an unconventional bottom-up approach to study safety performance on a construction site as an outcome of a complex system defined by interactions among a worksite, individual construction workers, and different safety investments. Instead of focusing on finding the absolute relationship between safety investment and safety performance, this study contributes to providing a practical framework to investigate how different safety investments interacting with different parameters such as human and environmental factors could affect safety performance. As a result, we could identify cost-effective safety investments under different construction scenarios for delivering optimal safety performance.
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