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Updated: Mar 20, 2026

Oral Biofilm Sampling for Microbiome Analysis in Healthy Children
Published on: December 31, 2017
Epidemiology of otitis media in children from developing countries: A systematic review
Rodrigo DeAntonio1, Juan-Pablo Yarzabal2, James Philip Cruz3
1GSK Vaccines, Ciudad del Saber, Panama.
Objective:
This systematic review examined the epidemiology of otitis media (OM) in children <6 years within 90 developing and newly industrialised countries.
Methods:
Literature searches (1992-2011), based on MEDLINE, EMBASE, WHO, Index Medicus, country-specific websites, conferences, and the reference lists of included studies, yielded 11,413 records; 59 of 344 studies analysed were included in this review.
Results:
The majority of the identified studies provided only a single timepoint for OM. In children <6 years of age, OM prevalence was found to be 9.2% in Nigeria, 10% in Egypt, 6.7% in China, 9.2% in India, 9.1% in Iran and 5.1-7.8% in Russia. Few studies examined the etiology of OM and the antibacterial resistance. The most common bacterial pathogens were S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae and S. aureus. A high resistance to penicillin was reported in Nigeria and Turkey.
Conclusions:
Despite the variability between the identified studies, this review indicates that OM and its various sub-types remain a significant burden in different settings. However, the heterogeneity of studies and a general lack of reliable data made generalisation very difficult.
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