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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Cancers arise due to mutations in genes involved in the regulation of cell division, which leads to unrestricted cell proliferation. Modern science and medicine have made great strides in the understanding and treatment of cancer, including eradicating cancer in some patients. However, there is still no cure for cancer. This is largely due to the fact that cancer is a large group of many diseases.
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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
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Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer
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Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

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Thyroid cancer.

Maria E Cabanillas1, David G McFadden2, Cosimo Durante3

  • 1Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.

Lancet (London, England)
|June 1, 2016
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid cancer incidence is rising globally. While differentiated thyroid cancer is often treatable with standard methods, rare types like medullary and anaplastic thyroid cancer require specialized care and targeted therapies for progressive disease.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Thyroid cancer is a significant and increasing global health concern.
  • Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is the most common subtype, with standard treatments generally effective.
  • Rare subtypes, including medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) and anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC), present unique challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the current landscape of thyroid cancer incidence and treatment.
  • To highlight the distinct management strategies for different thyroid cancer subtypes.
  • To discuss the role of targeted therapies in advanced or progressive thyroid cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Review of epidemiological data on thyroid cancer incidence.
  • Analysis of standard treatment protocols for differentiated thyroid cancer.
  • Discussion of specialized approaches for medullary and anaplastic thyroid cancer.
  • Evaluation of approved targeted therapies for advanced thyroid cancer.

Main Results:

  • Thyroid cancer incidence is rising worldwide, ranking as the fifth most common cancer in US women.
  • Standard treatment for DTC (surgery plus radioactive iodine or observation) is effective for most patients.
  • Targeted therapies for DTC and MTC can prolong progression-free survival but are not curative, reserved for progressive or symptomatic cases.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of thyroid cancer depends on accurate subtyping and appropriate treatment selection.
  • Specialized expertise is crucial for managing rare and aggressive thyroid cancer subtypes.
  • While targeted therapies offer benefits for advanced disease, they underscore the need for ongoing research towards curative treatments.