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Related Concept Videos

Endocarditis II: Clinical Features of Infective Endocarditis01:25

Endocarditis II: Clinical Features of Infective Endocarditis

709
Endocarditis can present various clinical features depending on the causative organism and the patient's underlying health conditions. Initially, the clinical features of infective endocarditis develop gradually, presenting with nonspecific symptoms that can be easily mistaken for other illnesses.General SymptomsEarly symptoms of infective endocarditis are fever, chills, weakness, malaise, fatigue, and weight loss. These symptoms reflect the systemic nature of the infection and the body's...
709
Endocarditis I: Introduction01:25

Endocarditis I: Introduction

706
Introduction:Endocarditis is the infection of the endocardium, the inner lining of the heart and its valves. When the heart muscle is involved, the condition is termed myocarditis, while an infection of the outer lining is called pericarditis. Infective endocarditis (IE) primarily affects the endocardium, where pathogens adhere to the valves or lining, forming vegetation that can lead to severe complications. Infective endocarditis occurs when microorganisms, usually bacteria from other body...
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Myocarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:27

Myocarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

430
Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle. The symptoms vary widely, encompassing asymptomatic presentations to severe, acute manifestations.Clinical PresentationAsymptomatic cases: In some instances, myocarditis may be asymptomatic, with the infection resolving without intervention. These cases often go undetected unless discovered incidentally through diagnostic imaging or tests conducted for other reasons.General Early Symptoms: Early symptoms of myocarditis are non-specific and can...
430
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

2
Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
2
Endocarditis IV: Nursing Management01:29

Endocarditis IV: Nursing Management

554
Infective endocarditis (IE) is a chronic infection of the heart's endocardium, primarily affecting the heart valves. A detailed nursing assessment for a patient with IE involves collecting subjective and objective data to ensure an accurate diagnosis and timely intervention.Subjective DataThe nurse gathers information about the patient's symptoms and complaints during the subjective assessment. Patients with infective endocarditis often report non-specific symptoms that can mimic other...
554

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 20, 2026

Detection of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Haematological Malignancy Patients by using Lateral-flow Technology
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False-positive cerebrospinal fluid cryptococcus antigen in Libman-Sacks endocarditis.

Iyad N Isseh1, Kassem Bourgi2, Asaad Nakhle2

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 W Grand Blvd, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA. iisseh1@hfhs.org.

Infection
|June 2, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A false-positive cryptococcus antigen test occurred in a patient with lupus. Autoantibodies likely interfered, highlighting the need for careful interpretation of cryptococcal antigen tests.

Keywords:
Cryptococcus antigenCryptococcus meningoencephalitisLibman–Sacks endocarditisSystemic lupus erythematosus

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Cryptococcus meningoencephalitis is a severe opportunistic infection in immunocompromised individuals, especially those with advanced AIDS.
  • Diagnosis relies on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cryptococcus antigen detection and cultures, with antigen testing being the preferred initial method due to its speed and accuracy.

Observation:

  • A case study involving a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) presenting with acute confusion is presented.
  • Initial CSF analysis showed a positive cryptococcus antigen assay, but clinical symptoms did not align with cryptococcal meningoencephalitis.

Findings:

  • A repeat CSF evaluation three days later yielded a negative cryptococcus antigen assay.
  • The initial positive result is attributed to a false positive, likely caused by interference from autoantibodies, given the patient's active lupus and elevated antinuclear antibody titers.

Implications:

  • This case underscores the potential for false-positive results in CSF cryptococcus antigen assays due to autoantibody interference.
  • Clinicians should consider alternative diagnoses and repeat testing when clinical presentation is incongruent with laboratory findings, particularly in patients with autoimmune conditions.