Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

10.3K
Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
10.3K
Decision Making01:20

Decision Making

1.2K
Decision-making is a fundamental cognitive process that involves evaluating alternatives and selecting among them. This process can range from simple choices, such as deciding what to wear, to complex decisions, like choosing a major in college or a career path. The complexity of the decision often dictates the approach we use, which can be broadly categorized into two types: automatic and controlled decision-making.
Automatic decision-making is fast, intuitive, and relies on gut feelings...
1.2K
Lobes of the Cerebrum01:22

Lobes of the Cerebrum

5.5K
The cerebral cortex, a critical structure of the brain, is intricately divided into two hemispheres, each consisting of four distinct lobes: occipital, temporal, frontal, and parietal. These lobes function cooperatively to regulate various cognitive and sensory functions, forming the basis of our complex neural capabilities.
Frontal lobe
The frontal lobes, located behind the forehead, are the command center of our brain, controlling personality, intelligence, and voluntary muscle movements....
5.5K
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

8.8K
The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex....
8.8K
Decision Making: Traditional Method01:14

Decision Making: Traditional Method

5.7K
The process of hypothesis testing based on the traditional method includes calculating the critical value, testing the value of the test statistic using the sample data, and interpreting these values.
First, a specific claim about the population parameter is decided based on the research question and is stated in a simple form. Further, an opposing statement to this claim is also stated. These statements can act as null and alternative hypotheses, out of which a null hypothesis would be a...
5.7K
Reason and Intuition01:37

Reason and Intuition

7.7K
The human brain processes information for decision-making using one of two routes: an intuitive system and a rational system (Epstein, 1994; popularized by Kahneman, 2011 as System 1 and System 2, respectively). The intuitive system is quick, impulsive, and operates with minimal effort, relying on emotions or habits to provide cues for what to do next, while the rational system is logical, analytical, deliberate, and methodical. Research in neuropsychology suggests that the...
7.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Learning to select computations in recurrent neural circuits.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Neural representation of the decisional reference point in monkeys.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same author

Neural representation of the decisional reference point in monkeys.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2025
Same author

Computational Properties of the Prefrontal Cortex.

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience·2025
Same author

Orbitofrontal cortex computes gaze-dependent comparisons between attributes rather than integrated values.

PLoS biology·2025
Same author

Attention-dependent attribute comparisons underlie multi-attribute decision-making in orbitofrontal cortex.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2024
Same journal

Neural timescales from a computational perspective.

Nature neuroscience·2026
Same journal

Author Correction: Spinal cord Tau pathology induces tactile deficits and cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease via dysregulation of CCK neurons.

Nature neuroscience·2026
Same journal

Hippocampal theta sweeps indicate goal direction during navigation.

Nature neuroscience·2026
Same journal

Just how goal-directed are hippocampal theta sweeps, anyway?

Nature neuroscience·2026
Same journal

Goal-directed hippocampal theta sweeps during memory-guided navigation.

Nature neuroscience·2026
Same journal

Connectomic evidence that ordered activity drives neuromuscular network formation.

Nature neuroscience·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 19, 2026

Operant Protocols for Assessing the Cost-benefit Analysis During Reinforced Decision Making by Rodents
07:05

Operant Protocols for Assessing the Cost-benefit Analysis During Reinforced Decision Making by Rodents

Published on: September 10, 2018

6.5K

Decoding subjective decisions from orbitofrontal cortex.

Erin L Rich1, Jonathan D Wallis1,2

  • 1Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA.

Nature Neuroscience
|June 9, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) dynamically activates states representing option values during subjective decision-making. These neural dynamics predict decision speed, revealing how the brain makes choices.

More Related Videos

Investigating the Function of Deep Cortical and Subcortical Structures Using Stereotactic Electroencephalography: Lessons from the Anterior Cingulate Cortex
09:00

Investigating the Function of Deep Cortical and Subcortical Structures Using Stereotactic Electroencephalography: Lessons from the Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Published on: April 15, 2015

12.9K
The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients
05:48

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients

Published on: June 12, 2020

6.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 19, 2026

Operant Protocols for Assessing the Cost-benefit Analysis During Reinforced Decision Making by Rodents
07:05

Operant Protocols for Assessing the Cost-benefit Analysis During Reinforced Decision Making by Rodents

Published on: September 10, 2018

6.5K
Investigating the Function of Deep Cortical and Subcortical Structures Using Stereotactic Electroencephalography: Lessons from the Anterior Cingulate Cortex
09:00

Investigating the Function of Deep Cortical and Subcortical Structures Using Stereotactic Electroencephalography: Lessons from the Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Published on: April 15, 2015

12.9K
The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients
05:48

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients

Published on: June 12, 2020

6.6K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Decision Science
  • Cognitive Neuroscience

Background:

  • Subjective choices require value computation and comparison.
  • The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is crucial for decision-making.
  • Neural mechanisms of OFC in subjective choice remain unclear due to dynamic internal processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the neural dynamics within the OFC during subjective decision-making.
  • To understand how neural states in the OFC relate to the evaluation of choice options.
  • To determine the role of OFC neural dynamics in predicting decision speed and vacillation.

Main Methods:

  • Tracking neural dynamics by recovering temporally precise neural states from multidimensional OFC data.
  • Analyzing the activity patterns of ensembles of value-encoding neurons.
  • Correlating OFC neural state dynamics with individual decision outcomes (speed and choice).

Main Results:

  • OFC exhibited alternating neural states associated with the values of available options during choices.
  • The dynamics of these OFC states predicted whether subjects decided quickly or hesitated.
  • Ensembles of neurons contributed to these states, with individual neurons dynamically shifting activity during option evaluation.

Conclusions:

  • Subjective decision-making involves the dynamic activation of OFC states linked to each choice alternative.
  • OFC neural state dynamics are a key mechanism underlying subjective value-based choices.
  • This study provides insights into the neural basis of decision-making processes.