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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 19, 2026

In Vitro Cellular Activity Evaluation of the Nanoemulsion Vaccine Adjuvant Ophiopogonin D

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Published on: December 9, 2022

Adjuvants: Classification, Modus Operandi, and Licensing.

Juliana de Souza Apostólico¹, Victória Alves Santos Lunardelli¹, Fernanda Caroline Coirada¹

¹Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), Rua Botucatu, 4° Andar, 04023-062 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.

Journal of Immunology Research

|June 9, 2016

Summary

Adjuvants enhance subunit vaccines to improve immune responses for disease prevention. Understanding adjuvant mechanisms is key to developing new, effective vaccine formulations for global health challenges.

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Area of Science:

Immunology
Vaccinology

Background:

Subunit vaccines offer safety but require adjuvants to boost immunogenicity.
Adjuvants have been crucial in improving vaccine efficacy since the early 20th century.

Observation:

The selection of an appropriate adjuvant is critical for stimulating protective immunity.
Mechanisms of action for various adjuvants are increasingly understood.

Findings:

New vaccine formulations are being developed for global infections, leveraging immune system insights.
Few adjuvants are currently licensed for human use, with many in clinical trials.

Implications:

Further research into adjuvant mechanisms can guide the development of next-generation vaccines.
Understanding licensing requirements is essential for advancing new vaccine formulations for public health.