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Magnetic Resonance Imaging01:24

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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical imaging technique based on a phenomenon of nuclear physics discovered in the 1930s, in which matter exposed to magnetic fields and radio waves was found to emit radio signals. In 1970, a physician and researcher named Raymond Damadian noticed that malignant (cancerous) tissue gave off different signals than normal body tissue. He applied for a patent for the first MRI scanning device in clinical use by the early 1980s. The early MRI...
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Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 19, 2026

Whole-Brain 3D Activation and Functional Connectivity Mapping in Mice using Transcranial Functional Ultrasound Imaging
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Towards a fourth spatial dimension of brain activity.

Arturo Tozzi1, James F Peters2

  • 1Center for Nonlinear Science, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #311427, Denton, TX 76203-5017 USA.

Cognitive Neurodynamics
|June 9, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Brain activity may occur in a fourth spatial dimension, a hypersphere

Keywords:
Borsuk-Ulam theoremBrainCentral nervous systemFourth dimensionHypersphereManifold

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Topology
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Understanding the brain's functional architecture is key to advancing neuroscience.
  • Topology offers a unique perspective on brain function, introducing the concept of a 4D hypersphere's torus.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To hypothesize that brain functions are embedded in an imperceptible fourth spatial dimension.
  • To propose a method for empirically assessing the presence of this fourth dimension.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) series.
  • Analyzing neuroimaging data for the topological hallmark of a fourth dimension: simultaneous activation of opposite cortical areas.

Main Results:

  • Identified a topological feature indicating a functional hypersphere.
  • Observed simultaneous activation of diametrically opposed areas on the 3D cortical surface.

Conclusions:

  • Brain activity may occur on a closed, torus-like trajectory within a fourth spatial dimension.
  • This framework may explain complex psychological phenomena like consciousness and memory retrieval.