Takens' theorem to assess EEG traces: Regional variations in brain dynamics

Takens' theorem (TT) proves that the behaviour of a dynamical system can be effectively reconstructed within a multidimensional phase space. This offers a comprehensive framework for examining temporal dependencies, dimensional complexity and predictability of time series data. We applied TT to investigate the physiological regional differences in EEG brain dynamics of healthy subjects, focusing on three key channels: FP1 (frontal region), C3 (sensorimotor region), and O1 (occipital region). We provided a detailed reconstruction of phase spaces for each EEG channel using time-delay embedding. The reconstructed trajectories were quantified through measures of trajectory spread and average distance, offering insights into the temporal structure of brain activity that traditional linear methods struggle to capture. Variability and complexity were found to differ across the three regions, revealing notable regional variations. FP1 trajectories exhibited broader spreads, reflecting the dynamic complexity of frontal brain activity associated with higher cognitive functions. C3, involved in sensorimotor integration, displayed moderate variability, reflecting its functional role in coordinating sensory inputs and motor outputs. O1, responsible for visual processing, showed constrained and stable trajectories, consistent with repetitive and structured visual dynamics. These findings align with the functional specialization of different cortical areas, suggesting that the frontal, sensorimotor and occipital regions operate with autonomous temporal structures and nonlinear properties. This distinction may have significant implications for advancing our understanding of normal brain function and enhancing the development of brain-computer interfaces. In sum, we demonstrated the utility of TT in revealing regional variations in EEG traces, underscoring the value of nonlinear dynamics.