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An applied magnetic field causes the electrons present in the molecule to circulate, setting up a local diamagnetic current within the molecule. The local diamagnetic current arising from circulating sigma-bonding electrons induces a magnetic field, Blocal that opposes the applied magnetic field, B0. The effective magnetic field experienced by these nuclei is given by the difference between the applied and local magnetic fields in a phenomenon called local diamagnetic shielding. Essentially,...
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Magnetic dipoles in magnetic materials are aligned when placed under an external magnetic field. For paramagnets and ferromagnets, dipole alignment occurs in the direction of the magnetic field. However, the dipoles align opposite to the field in the case of diamagnets. This state of magnetic polarization due to the external field is called magnetization. Magnetization is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume. It plays a similar role to polarization in electrostatics.
The vector...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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Diamagnetism01:26

Diamagnetism

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Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
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Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance01:05

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The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
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Irradiation of a spin-active nucleus causes an increase or decrease in the signal intensity of neighboring nuclei that are not necessarily chemically bonded or involved in J-coupling. This phenomenon, called the nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE), results from through-space interactions between the nuclear spins. The NOE effect decreases with increasing internuclear distance and is generally not observed beyond 4 angstroms. In NOE, dipole-dipole interactions between neighboring spin-active...
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Laser Micromachining for Polymer Surface Topography Design
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Technical Note: Enhancing the surface dose using a weak longitudinal magnetic field.

Marco Carlone1, Tony Tadic2, Harald Keller1

  • 1Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A1, Canada.

Medical Physics
|June 10, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Magnetic fields can enhance surface dose in radiotherapy. This study shows resistive magnets can significantly increase surface dose, offering potential clinical benefits for radiation therapy.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Physics
  • Radiation Oncology

Background:

  • Surface dose in radiotherapy is influenced by radiation beam and collimator properties.
  • Altering surface dose could improve therapeutic outcomes by increasing dose for tumors or reducing it for healthy tissues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the manipulation of surface dose using magnetic fields generated by a resistive magnet.
  • To understand the feasibility and mechanisms of altered surface dose for potential clinical applications.

Main Methods:

  • A resistive magnet producing up to 0.24 T was integrated with a cobalt-60 (60Co) treatment unit.
  • Surface and depth doses were measured at varying magnetic field strengths, with minimal magnetic fringe field at the collimator jaws.

Main Results:

  • The resistive magnet significantly altered the dose in the buildup region of the 60Co depth dose curve.
  • Dose enhancement correlated directly with longitudinal magnetic field strength, with fields as low as 0.08 T showing an effect.
  • A peak magnetic field of 0.24 T resulted in a 2.8-fold enhancement of the surface dose.

Conclusions:

  • Surface dose enhancement using resistive magnets is feasible.
  • Further research is required to elucidate the origin of scattered electrons contributing to the increased surface dose.