Graphene oxide-based electrochemical label-free detection of glycoproteins down to aM level using a lectin biosensor

A label-free ultrasensitive impedimetric biosensor with lectin immobilised on graphene oxide (GO) for the detection of glycoproteins from 1 aM is shown here. This is the first time a functional lectin biosensor with lectin directly immobilised on a graphene-based interface without any polymer modifier has been described. The study also shows that hydrophilic oxidative debris present on GO has a beneficial effect on the sensitivity of (8.46 ± 0.20)% per decade for the lectin biosensor compared to the sensitivity of (4.52 ± 0.23)% per decade for the lectin biosensor built up from GO with the oxidative debris washed out.