Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism01:21

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism

821
Polymorphism refers to the existence of a drug substance in multiple crystalline forms, known as polymorphs. Recently, this term has been expanded to include solvates (forms containing a solvent), amorphous forms (non-crystalline forms), and desolvated solvates (forms from which the solvent has been removed).
Some polymorphic crystals possess lower aqueous solubility than their amorphous counterparts, leading to incomplete absorption. For instance, the oral suspension of Chloramphenicol, which...
821
Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Polymorphic Form-Related and Particle Size-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence01:27

Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Polymorphic Form-Related and Particle Size-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence

212
Changes in polymorphic forms can significantly influence the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. Although the FDA defines pharmaceutical equivalence based on having the same active ingredient, dosage form, and route of administration, it does not automatically disqualify products with different polymorphic forms. This means two products with different polymorphs can still be deemed pharmaceutically equivalent. However, polymorphic differences can affect properties like wettability,...
212
Pharmaceutical Equivalents01:26

Pharmaceutical Equivalents

250
As defined by regulatory standards, pharmaceutical equivalents require generic drug products to have identical dosage forms and chemically identical active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). They must adhere to compendial or applicable standards for potency, content uniformity, disintegration times, and dissolution rates. In the case of modified-release dosage forms, variations in drug content are permissible as long as the delivered amount remains consistent with the innovator drug product.
250
Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Stability-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence01:22

Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Stability-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence

236
Generic intravenous (IV) drugs are considered bioequivalent to their branded counterparts due to their 100% bioavailability upon administration. However, variations in stability among different drug products can significantly influence their therapeutic performance, even if they are pharmaceutically equivalent.Cefuroxime, a prophylactic antimicrobial, is often used as a single-dose IV injection for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. A 3 g dose typically provides...
236
Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Excipients and Impurities-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence01:19

Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Excipients and Impurities-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence

222
Pharmaceutical products contain more than just the active drug; they also contain various excipients such as binders, solubilizers, stabilizers, preservatives, and other elements. In some cases, impurities or contaminants might be present. Traditionally, quality control in pharmaceuticals has primarily focused on the analysis of the active drug, often overlooking the impact of these additional components. The recent issue with heparin contamination by over-sulfated chondroitin sulfate, a...
222
Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

5.7K
Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
Initiating crystallization involves manipulating the concentration of the solute and the temperature of the solution. Since crystal growth occurs when the ratio of concentration and solubility of the solute in the solvent...
5.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Solvent- and heat-induced polymorphic transformation with single-crystal integrity in Cu(II) paddle wheel metal complexes.

Chemical communications (Cambridge, England)·2026
Same author

Acta Crystallographica Section B welcomes three new Co-editors.

Acta crystallographica Section B, Structural science, crystal engineering and materials·2026
Same author

Acid-Responsive Two-photon Absorption Switch via Cocrystal-to-Salt-to-Cocrystal Conversion.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2025
Same author

Crystallographic Snapshots of Pre- and Post-Lanthanide Halide HydrolysisReaction Products Captured by the 4‑Amino-1,2,4-triazole Ligand.

Crystal growth & design·2025
Same author

A new Section Editor for Acta Cryst. B.

Acta crystallographica Section B, Structural science, crystal engineering and materials·2024
Same author

Optimizing Drug Development: Harnessing the Sustainability of Pharmaceutical Cocrystals.

Molecular pharmaceutics·2024
Same journal

3-Methyleneazetidine: a versatile building block for functional and post-modifiable polysulfonamides.

Chemical communications (Cambridge, England)·2026
Same journal

Synthesis of divalent galactosyl and fucosyl spiropyran derivatives for the targeted inhibition of bacterial biofilms.

Chemical communications (Cambridge, England)·2026
Same journal

Emergent cytotoxicity and mitochondrial alterations induced by a heterobimetallic Re(I)/Au(I) complex.

Chemical communications (Cambridge, England)·2026
Same journal

Cyanoacetylation of amines <i>via</i> a traceless cyanoacetyl radical: synthetic access to teriflunomide.

Chemical communications (Cambridge, England)·2026
Same journal

Loading layered double hydroxide nanoarray catalysts on a micro-curved substrate for kinetics-favorable water electrolysis reaction.

Chemical communications (Cambridge, England)·2026
Same journal

Bridging <i>in situ</i> measurements and practical conditions through gas-liquid management for CO/CO<sub>2</sub> reduction.

Chemical communications (Cambridge, England)·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 19, 2026

Crystallization of Membrane Proteins in Lipidic Mesophases
11:53

Crystallization of Membrane Proteins in Lipidic Mesophases

Published on: March 28, 2011

31.9K

Pharmaceutical cocrystals: walking the talk.

Geetha Bolla1, Ashwini Nangia2

  • 1School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C. R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 046, India. ashwini.nangia@gmail.com.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|June 10, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pharmaceutical cocrystals, formed by drug molecules and safe additives, enhance drug properties like solubility and bioavailability. Crystal engineering enables new cocrystal applications, including drug-drug combinations for improved therapies.

More Related Videos

From Constructs to Crystals &#8211; Towards Structure Determination of &#946;-barrel Outer Membrane Proteins
09:55

From Constructs to Crystals – Towards Structure Determination of β-barrel Outer Membrane Proteins

Published on: July 4, 2016

14.2K
Derivatization of Protein Crystals with I3C using Random Microseed Matrix Screening
14:04

Derivatization of Protein Crystals with I3C using Random Microseed Matrix Screening

Published on: January 16, 2021

5.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 19, 2026

Crystallization of Membrane Proteins in Lipidic Mesophases
11:53

Crystallization of Membrane Proteins in Lipidic Mesophases

Published on: March 28, 2011

31.9K
From Constructs to Crystals &#8211; Towards Structure Determination of &#946;-barrel Outer Membrane Proteins
09:55

From Constructs to Crystals – Towards Structure Determination of β-barrel Outer Membrane Proteins

Published on: July 4, 2016

14.2K
Derivatization of Protein Crystals with I3C using Random Microseed Matrix Screening
14:04

Derivatization of Protein Crystals with I3C using Random Microseed Matrix Screening

Published on: January 16, 2021

5.1K

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Pharmaceutical Science
  • Crystal Engineering

Background:

  • Pharmaceutical cocrystals involve drug molecules and GRAS additives, forming hydrogen bonds in a crystal lattice.
  • These cocrystals have shown potential in modifying physicochemical and pharmacokinetic drug properties over the last decade.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review prominent examples of drug cocrystals and their diverse applications.
  • To highlight advancements in crystal engineering for novel cocrystal formulations.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on pharmaceutical cocrystals.
  • Analysis of prominent drug cocrystal examples and their properties.
  • Discussion of crystal engineering principles applied to cocrystal assembly.

Main Results:

  • Drug cocrystals exhibit tunable hardness, elasticity, improved solubility, permeability, and melting points.
  • Cocrystals enhance photostability, hydration stability, and prolong drug half-life.
  • Ternary cocrystals and drug-drug cocrystals offer synergistic therapeutic potential.

Conclusions:

  • Pharmaceutical cocrystals offer significant advantages for drug formulation and delivery.
  • Crystal engineering is key to developing advanced cocrystal systems, including nutraceuticals and multi-drug therapies.
  • Emerging characterization techniques will further understanding and application of cocrystal phases.