[Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes: an update]

Area of Science:

• Neurology
• Immunology
• Oncology

Context:

• Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (PNS) are a diverse group of neurological disorders.
• PNS arise as a secondary effect of an underlying malignant tumor.
• Autoantibodies associated with PNS can be categorized by their target antigen's cellular localization.

Purpose:

• To classify autoantibodies in PNS based on antigen targets.
• To differentiate treatment strategies based on autoantibody type.
• To emphasize the importance of early diagnosis and integrated management.

Summary:

• Onconeuronal autoantibodies targeting intracellular antigens are strongly associated with cancer, and immunotherapy response is often poor.
• Autoantibodies targeting cell membrane antigens may respond favorably to immunomodulation, improving neurological symptoms.
• Early recognition of PNS through the "clinical neurological syndrome--specific autoantibodies--tumour research" triad is crucial for effective, targeted treatment.

Impact:

• Facilitates timely diagnosis and treatment of PNS.
• Improves patient outcomes by guiding therapeutic interventions.
• Highlights the critical link between neurological symptoms, autoimmunity, and cancer detection.