Related Experiment Video
Updated: Mar 19, 2026
Morphological and Compositional Analysis of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Induced by Microbial and Chemical Stimuli
Published on: November 4, 2022
How Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Become Visible
Nicole de Buhr1, Maren von Köckritz-Blickwede1
1Department of Physiological Chemistry and Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany; Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), web-like structures of DNA and proteins, are key innate immune defenses against pathogens. Microscopy techniques are crucial for visualizing NETs in both health and disease.
Area of Science:
- Immunology
- Cell Biology
Background:
- Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are crucial innate immune structures composed of DNA, histones, and granule proteins.
- NETs function in pathogen entrapment and killing, but also contribute to noninfectious inflammatory diseases.
Purpose of the Study:
- To provide an overview of microscopy techniques used for NET visualization.
- To discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each technique.
Main Methods:
- Immunofluorescence microscopy
- Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
- Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
- In vitro live-cell imaging
- Intravital, in vivo, and in situ microscopy
Main Results:
- Microscopy techniques are essential for identifying and studying NETs.
- Advancements in immunofluorescence have improved NET visualization and quantification.
- Live-cell imaging offers insights into NET formation mechanisms.
- In vivo and in situ methods reveal NET roles in disease.
Conclusions:
- Various microscopy techniques offer distinct advantages for studying NETs.
- Optimized imaging methods enhance understanding of NETs' role in immunity and disease.
