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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

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In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses...
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Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a protein metabolism disorder characterized by high blood levels of the amino acid phenylalanine. This results from a mutation in the gene responsible for phenylalanine hydroxylase, an enzyme that converts phenylalanine into tyrosine. When this enzyme is deficient, phenylalanine builds up in the blood, leading to symptoms such as vomiting, rashes, seizures, growth deficiency, and severe mental retardation. An early diagnosis and a diet restricting phenylalanine intake...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

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Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
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Proteins are broken down into amino acids during digestion. Unlike fats and carbohydrates, which are stored for later use, proteins are not. Instead, amino acids are either used to produce ATP through oxidation or contribute to the creation of new proteins for the growth and repair of the body. Any surplus amino acids from the diet are converted into glucose or triglycerides rather than excreted.
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Drug metabolism, a critical process in the liver, involves two primary phases: Phase I reactions and Phase II conjugation. Obesity introduces significant alterations in this metabolic process, primarily due to fatty infiltration of the liver, leading to conditions such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This condition can modify the activities of both Phase I and II enzymes, impacting how drugs are metabolized in obese patients.Phase I metabolism sees variable effects across...
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Gene expression is a dynamic process that is significantly influenced by environmental factors. This interaction underlies the complex nature of biological development and the phenotypic differences observed among individuals, even among those with identical genetic makeups. Factors such as radiation, temperature, behavior, nutrition, and stress play pivotal roles in determining how genes are expressed. The concept of the reaction range is central to understanding this interaction. It posits...
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Metabolic alterations in children with environmental enteric dysfunction.

Richard D Semba1, Michelle Shardell2, Indi Trehan3,4

  • 1Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.

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|June 14, 2016
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) is linked to childhood stunting. This study found specific blood metabolite changes in children with increased gut permeability, suggesting EED impacts growth and gut health.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Gastroenterology
  • Nutritional Science

Background:

  • Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) is a subclinical condition impacting gut health and nutrient absorption.
  • EED is a significant factor contributing to childhood stunting in low-income regions.
  • Understanding EED's metabolic underpinnings is crucial for developing interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between increased intestinal permeability and serum metabolites in children without acute malnutrition.
  • To identify specific metabolic alterations linked to EED in a rural Malawian cohort.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional study involving 315 children aged 12-59 months in rural Malawi.
  • Assessment of intestinal permeability and analysis of serum metabolite profiles.
  • Statistical analysis to determine correlations between gut permeability and metabolite levels.

Main Results:

  • Increased intestinal permeability was significantly associated with altered serum metabolite levels.
  • Lower levels of phosphatidylcholines, sphingomyelins, tryptophan, ornithine, and citrulline were observed.
  • Elevated levels of glutamate, taurine, and serotonin were found in children with higher gut permeability.

Conclusions:

  • Environmental enteric dysfunction is characterized by distinct alterations in circulating metabolites.
  • These metabolic changes affect pathways crucial for child growth, differentiation, gut function, and integrity.
  • Further research into these metabolites could inform strategies to combat EED and stunting.