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Related Concept Videos

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
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De novo myogenesis, or the formation of muscle fibers, begins during the early embryonic stages. The skeletal muscle is formed from somites– blocks of embryonic cell layers. The somites are further divided into dermatomes, myotomes, sclerotomes, and syndetomes. Among these, the myotomes give rise to muscle fibers.
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In the CNS, neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons from stem cells, is limited to the hippocampus in adults. In other regions of the brain and spinal cord, neurogenesis is almost non-existent due to inhibitory influences from neuroglia, especially oligodendrocytes, and the absence of growth-stimulating cues. The myelin produced by oligodendrocytes in the CNS inhibits neuronal regeneration. Furthermore, astrocytes proliferate rapidly after neuronal damage, forming scar tissue that physically...
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RNA Pull-down Procedure to Identify RNA Targets of a Long Non-coding RNA
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RNA Pull-down Procedure to Identify RNA Targets of a Long Non-coding RNA

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Long noncoding RNAs: Central to nervous system development.

Ronald P Hart1, Loyal A Goff2

  • 1Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience, and Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.

International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the International Society for Developmental Neuroscience
|June 15, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are crucial for central nervous system (CNS) development. These molecules drive CNS-specific differentiation and will be essential for identifying neuronal cell types.

Keywords:
DifferentiationMicropeptidesNeurogenesisNoncoding RNATranscriptionTranscriptome

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Central nervous system (CNS) development involves intricate regulation by stem cells, transcription factors, growth factors, and epigenetic mechanisms.
  • Noncoding RNAs, particularly long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), play functional roles in various biological systems, including the CNS.
  • The discovery of lncRNAs has been met with both interest and skepticism due to their diverse mechanisms and lower expression levels compared to protein-coding RNAs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present evidence supporting the role of lncRNAs in driving CNS-specific differentiation.
  • To highlight the functional diversity and challenges in studying lncRNAs.
  • To predict the future importance of lncRNAs in CNS research.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature and evidence.
  • Analysis of lncRNA expression and function in CNS development.
  • Integration of findings with emerging technologies like single-cell transcriptomics.

Main Results:

  • lncRNAs are implicated in driving CNS-specific differentiation.
  • lncRNAs exhibit significant functional diversity, posing challenges for their study and classification.
  • Lower expression levels of lncRNAs compared to protein-coding RNAs have been observed.

Conclusions:

  • lncRNAs are essential regulators of CNS development and differentiation.
  • The complexity and diversity of lncRNA functions are significant.
  • lncRNAs are predicted to be vital for characterizing neuronal cell types and understanding CNS differentiation mechanisms, potentially rivaling protein-based mechanisms.