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Neurons: The Cell Body and the Dendrites01:23

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A typical nerve cell comprises three main components: the cell body, dendrites, and the axon. The cell body, also known as the soma or perikaryon, serves as the central biosynthetic hub housing a nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm containing organelles commonly found in most cells. Notably, Nissl bodies, clusters of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes responsible for protein synthesis, are distinctive features of the neuronal cell body. As neurons age, aggregates of a brown pigment...
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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 19, 2026

Author Spotlight: Optimizing Dendritic Spine Analysis for Balanced Manual and Automated Assessment in the Hippocampus CA1 Apical Dendrites
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Dendritic spines: Morphological building blocks of memory.

Menahem Segal1

  • 1Department of Neurobiology, The Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel.

Neurobiology of Learning and Memory
|June 18, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Novel technologies reveal brain changes during learning and memory. However, the precise link between dendritic spine structure, function, and memory remains unclear, requiring further investigation.

Keywords:
CalciumDendritic spineLTPMemory

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Author Spotlight: Optimizing Dendritic Spine Analysis for Balanced Manual and Automated Assessment in the Hippocampus CA1 Apical Dendrites
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Advanced technologies like high-resolution imaging and optogenetics have transformed the study of brain changes related to learning and memory.
  • Research is increasingly focused on the molecular pathways governing memory formation, persistence, and elimination.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on immediate and long-term alterations in dendritic spine density, morphology, and function after plasticity-inducing stimuli.
  • To address outstanding questions regarding the relationship between dendritic spine characteristics and memory mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Review of in vivo and in vitro studies utilizing advanced imaging and genetic techniques.
  • Analysis of research investigating plasticity-inducing stimulation effects on neuronal structures.

Main Results:

  • Novel technologies have significantly advanced the detection of subcellular brain changes associated with learning and memory.
  • Studies show immediate and lasting changes in dendritic spine density, morphology, and function following plasticity-inducing stimulation.

Conclusions:

  • The exact relationship between dendritic spine morphology, physiology, and memory mechanisms is not fully understood.
  • The functional relevance of dendritic spine parameters within neuronal networks and their role in different memory types across brain regions require further clarification.