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Related Concept Videos

Liver Regeneration01:24

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The liver is an important organ in vertebrates that plays an essential role in metabolism. It is also responsible for storing and redistributing nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, and vitamins in the body. Additionally, the liver releases bile salts which are critical for digesting food and eliminating toxic metabolites from the body.
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During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In...
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Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata...
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The intestinal epithelial lining rapidly renews every 4 to 5 days. The renewal is facilitated by intestinal stem cells (ISCs) located at the base of the crypt– a gland located at the bottom of each villus. ISCs divide asymmetrically to form new stem cells and progenitor daughter cells. The daughter cells are called transit-amplifying (TA) cells which move upwards along the crypt and either differentiate into absorptive cells– the enterocytes or secretory cells– including the...
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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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The development of the vascular system in a fetus is a complex and intricate process that begins as early as 15 to 16 days post-conception. This process starts outside the embryo, specifically in the mesoderm of the yolk sac, chorion, and connecting stalk. Approximately two days later, the formation of blood vessels occurs within the embryo itself.
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Endoderm specification and liver development.

W Goessling1, D Y Stainier2

  • 1Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States.

Methods in Cell Biology
|June 18, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This chapter reviews how the endoderm forms the gastrointestinal tract and liver in zebrafish. It also details methods for studying liver development and its remarkable regenerative capabilities after injury.

Keywords:
Biliary tractEndodermLiverLiver regenerationZebrafish

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Hepatology
  • Zebrafish models

Background:

  • The endoderm, an embryonic germ layer, forms vital organs like the gut, liver, and pancreas.
  • The liver is crucial for nutrient metabolism, synthesis, and detoxification.
  • Liver injury can cause severe illness, but the liver possesses significant regenerative potential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review mechanisms of endoderm and liver formation in zebrafish.
  • To provide protocols for assessing liver development.
  • To outline methods for studying liver regeneration.

Main Methods:

  • Review of established literature on endoderm and liver development.
  • Description of experimental protocols for zebrafish liver studies.
  • Methodologies for evaluating liver formation and regeneration.

Main Results:

  • Detailed overview of endoderm differentiation into gastrointestinal organs.
  • Explanation of the liver's central role in metabolic regulation.
  • Emphasis on the liver's capacity for regeneration post-injury.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding endoderm and liver development is key to addressing liver diseases.
  • Zebrafish serve as a valuable model for studying liver formation and regeneration.
  • Protocols provided facilitate further research into liver biology and repair mechanisms.