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Controversial roles played by toll like receptor 4 in urinary bladder cancer; A systematic review
Amin Afsharimoghaddam1, Mohammad Soleimani2, Alireza Lashay2
1Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran; Modarres Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Introduction:
Urinary bladder cancer (UBC) is a prevalent human cancer. The main mechanisms which lead to eradication or progression the disease has yet to be clarified. Toll like receptor (TLR) 4 is a membrane receptor which is expressed either on immune cells or tumor cells. This review article was aimed to clear the main mechanisms played by TLR4 and its related intracellular pathways on outcome of UBC.
Method:
PubMed, Scopus and Google scholar databases have been used for searching related research articles which have evaluated the roles played by TLR4 and its related intracellular pathways on outcome of UBC.
Results:
Collected information from the related articles revealed that TLR4 either participates in induction of immune responses against UBC or development of the malignancy. There are limited investigations regarding the genetic variations of TLR4 in UBC.
Discussion:
According to the results it seems that TLR4/ligands interaction outcome is dependent on several factors including TLR4 ligand doses, interaction of TLR4 with its ligands on immune cells or tumor cells, and other TLRs/ligand interaction simultaneously.
Insights
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) plays a dual role in urinary bladder cancer (UBC), potentially aiding immune responses or promoting malignancy. Its precise impact on UBC outcomes depends on complex interactions and ligand doses.
Area of Science:
- Immunology
- Oncology
- Molecular Biology
Background:
- Urinary bladder cancer (UBC) is a common malignancy with incompletely understood progression mechanisms.
- Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a membrane receptor on immune and tumor cells, is implicated in UBC.
- Understanding TLR4's role is crucial for clarifying UBC pathogenesis.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the mechanisms of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and its intracellular pathways in urinary bladder cancer (UBC).
- To elucidate the dual role of TLR4 in either eradicating or promoting UBC progression.
Main Methods:
- Systematic literature search of PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar.
- Analysis of research articles evaluating TLR4 roles and pathways in UBC outcomes.
Main Results:
- TLR4 exhibits a dual role in UBC, potentially inducing immune responses or fostering tumor development.
- Limited research exists on the genetic variations of TLR4 in the context of UBC.
- TLR4's influence on UBC is multifaceted, involving ligand interactions and co-receptor activity.
Conclusions:
- The outcome of TLR4/ligand interactions in UBC is context-dependent.
- Factors influencing TLR4's role include ligand concentration, cell type (immune vs. tumor), and simultaneous interactions with other TLRs.
