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Translation01:31

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Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
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Translation01:31

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Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
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Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 19, 2026

Evidence-based Knowledge Synthesis and Hypothesis Validation: Navigating Biomedical Knowledge Bases via Explainable AI and Agentic Systems
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Do knowledge translation (KT) plans help to structure KT practices?

Salomon Tchameni Ngamo1,2, Karine Souffez3,4, Catherine Lord5,4

  • 1Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Montreal, Canada. tchams2005@gmail.com.

Health Research Policy and Systems
|June 19, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Knowledge translation (KT) planning templates help structure implementation but often omit key dimensions like user needs and evaluation. More guidance is needed for comprehensive KT plans.

Keywords:
GuidanceKnowledge translationPlansScientific process

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Health Services Research
  • Knowledge Translation

Background:

  • Knowledge translation (KT) planning templates guide researchers and practitioners in implementing KT activities.
  • The Institut national de santé publique du Québec (INSPQ) has provided tools for developing KT plans since 2010.
  • This study examines the dimensions integrated into INSPQ's KT plans and their implementation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify the dimensions included in INSPQ's KT plans.
  • To assess how these dimensions were integrated into KT activities.
  • To inform funding agencies and scientific organizations on KT planning frameworks.

Main Methods:

  • A mixed-methods case study of 14 INSPQ projects (2010-2013).
  • Assessment of KT plans using a developed analytical tool.
  • Interviews with planning coordinators to evaluate dimension operationalization.

Main Results:

  • Dimensions well-integrated include context analysis, knowledge identification, partners, and strategies.
  • The overall KT approach was moderately integrated.
  • Dimensions less integrated were knowledge of users, process evaluation, and resources.

Conclusions:

  • While not all dimensions are essential for success, those less integrated could benefit from more instruments and guidance.
  • KT planning templates are valued for supporting reflexive practices.
  • Caution is advised when using KT plans for project efficacy assessment and funding decisions.