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The Oral Microbiota01:27

The Oral Microbiota

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The oral microbiome includes a complex ecosystem comprising over 700 microbial species, identified through genomic sequencing and culture-based analyses to date. This community includes a core microbiome, found universally among individuals, and a variable component influenced by environmental factors such as diet, lifestyle, and host genetics. Site-specific conditions, including oxygen gradients, pH levels, and nutrient availability, determine the spatial distribution of these microorganisms...
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Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity,...
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The gut microbiota includes trillions of microorganisms that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. This complex ecosystem plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal and systemic health. Most of these microbes inhabit the large intestine, establishing a relatively stable and diverse community that contributes to gut homeostasis through various metabolic, immunological, and protective mechanisms.Dominant bacterial phyla, such as...
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The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...
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Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

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The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
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The gut–brain axis is a bidirectional communication system that connects the gastrointestinal tract and the brain. This interaction is mediated through multiple pathways, including the vagus nerve, hormonal signals, immune responses, and chemical messengers produced by gut microbes.Microbial Contributions to Brain FunctionGut microbiota contributes significantly to brain function by producing neuroactive compounds. These include neuroactive compounds that influence neurotransmitters such...
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Measuring Bone Remodeling and Recreating the Tumor-Bone Microenvironment Using Calvaria Co-culture and Histomorphometry
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Links Between the Microbiome and Bone.

Christopher J Hernandez1,2,3, Jason D Guss2, Marysol Luna1

  • 1Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
|June 19, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The human gut microbiome significantly impacts bone health and remodeling. Understanding these connections may lead to new therapies for bone conditions linked to chronic diseases.

Keywords:
FRACTUREINFLAMMATIONMICROBIOMEOSTEOIMMUNOLOGYOSTEOPOROSIS

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiome research
  • Bone biology
  • Metabolic diseases

Background:

  • The human microbiome influences chronic conditions affecting bone mass and quality, such as obesity, diabetes, and inflammatory bowel disease.
  • The relationship between the microbiome and bone health is not extensively studied, though existing research indicates a substantial impact on bone remodeling and mass.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms by which the gut microbiome affects bone health.
  • To discuss the challenges in studying bone-microbiome interactions and their therapeutic potential.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on gut microbiome and bone health.
  • Discussion of proposed mechanisms: nutritional regulation, immune system modulation, and bacterial translocation.
  • Analysis of challenges in preclinical microbiome research and therapeutic development.

Main Results:

  • The gut microbiome influences bone remodeling and mass through nutritional, immune, and direct bacterial product pathways.
  • Preclinical studies face challenges due to microbiome sensitivity to environmental factors and rapid return to baseline after perturbation.
  • Understanding these interactions could explain fracture risk discrepancies in patients with chronic diseases.

Conclusions:

  • The gut microbiome is a critical factor in bone health, influencing bone remodeling and mass.
  • Despite research challenges, the microbiome offers potential as a biomarker for bone metabolic activity and a target for novel therapies.
  • Targeting the gut microbiome may improve bone structure and quality in patients with obesity, diabetes, and inflammatory bowel disease.