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Updated: Mar 19, 2026

Development of Whispering Gallery Mode Polymeric Micro-optical Electric Field Sensors
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Biosensing by WGM Microspherical Resonators.

Giancarlo C Righini1,2, Silvia Soria3

  • 1Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi, 00184 Roma, Italy. giancarlo.righini@centrofermi.it.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|June 21, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Whispering gallery mode (WGM) microresonators, particularly microspheres, offer ultra-high Q values for sensitive detection. Their applications span biosensing, gas detection, and material monitoring, showcasing significant potential in advanced sensing technologies.

Keywords:
biosensingmicroresonatormicrospherephotonicswhispering gallery modes

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Area of Science:

  • Photonics and optical engineering
  • Nanotechnology and materials science
  • Chemical and biological sensing

Background:

  • Whispering gallery mode (WGM) microresonators exhibit unique optical properties enabling high-performance research and engineering applications.
  • Microspheres represent the simplest 3D WGM resonators, achieving exceptionally high Q values (10⁸-10⁸) due to minimal optical loss.
  • These resonators can be functionalized via coatings to enhance properties and expand their utility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of spherical WGM microresonators, focusing on their fabrication, characterization, and functionalization.
  • To review the current state-of-the-art applications of WGM microresonators in biosensing.
  • To discuss future development prospects for these advanced optical devices.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on WGM microresonators, with a focus on spherical geometries (bulk and bubble).
  • Discussion of fabrication techniques for spherical microresonators.
  • Analysis of characterization methods and functionalization strategies for WGM microspheres.

Main Results:

  • Spherical WGM microresonators demonstrate ultra-high Q values, leading to high energy density and narrow spectral lines.
  • Their high sensitivity to environmental changes enables diverse sensing applications, including protein adsorption, gas detection, and impurity analysis.
  • Functionalization allows for tailored properties and expanded applications, particularly in sensitive detection scenarios.

Conclusions:

  • Spherical WGM microresonators are highly promising for advanced sensing applications due to their exceptional optical properties and sensitivity.
  • Further development in fabrication, functionalization, and application integration will unlock new frontiers in biosensing and other fields.
  • The review highlights the significant potential of WGM microspheres in both fundamental research and practical engineering solutions.