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Related Concept Videos

Bone as Supporting Connective Tissue01:23

Bone as Supporting Connective Tissue

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Bone tissue forms the internal skeleton of vertebrate animals, providing structure to the body.
Bone Matrix
Bone, or osseous tissue, is a connective tissue that has a large amount of two different types of matrix material. The organic matrix is similar to the matrix material found in other connective tissues, including some amount of collagen and elastic fibers. This gives strength and flexibility to the tissue. The inorganic matrix consists of mineral salts— mostly calcium salts—...
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Bone Remodeling01:40

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Bone Structure01:55

Bone Structure

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Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of osseous tissue: cortical and cancellous.
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Spongy Bone01:09

Spongy Bone

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All bones comprise an outer layer of compact bone, and an interior made up of spongy bone tissue, also called cancellous or trabecular bone. In long bones, spongy bone tissue is mainly found in the interior of the epiphyses (broad ends of the bone).
Spongy bone is more porous, and less dense compared to compact bone. It is composed of concentric lamellae that are arranged irregularly to form the trabecular network. In some bones, the spaces between trabeculae contain red marrow, where...
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Bone Cells and Tissue01:30

Bone Cells and Tissue

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Bones contain a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of organic and inorganic components. Although bone cells compose only a small amount of the bone volume, they are crucial to its function. Four types of cells are found within the bone tissue— osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts.
Osteoblasts and Osteocytes
The osteoblast is the bone cell responsible for forming new bone tissue. It is found in the growing portions of bone, including the...
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Bone Remodeling and Repair01:31

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 19, 2026

Author Spotlight: Insights into the Use of Apple-Derived Cellulose Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering
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Author Spotlight: Insights into the Use of Apple-Derived Cellulose Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering

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Hierarchical Structures of Bone and Bioinspired Bone Tissue Engineering.

Yan Liu1, Dan Luo2,3, Tie Wang4

  • 1Center for Craniofacial Stem Cell Research and Regeneration, Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|June 21, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Bone

Keywords:
biomimetic materialsbiomineralizationhierarchical structuresintrafibrillar mineralizationtissue engineering

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Bone's strength arises from its hierarchical structure, with hydroxyapatite crystals and collagen organized at the nanoscale.
  • This nanostructure enables energy dissipation and fracture resistance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review bone biomineralization mechanisms.
  • To explore the link between bone's hierarchical structure and its deformation.
  • To inspire biomimetic strategies for bone tissue engineering.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of bone biomineralization.
  • Analysis of structure-property relationships in bone.
  • Discussion of biomimetic approaches for bone tissue engineering.

Main Results:

  • Bone biomineralization involves precise nanoscale deposition of hydroxyapatite within collagen fibrils.
  • Hierarchical organization creates nanomechanical heterogeneities crucial for toughness.
  • Understanding these principles can guide the design of artificial bone grafts.

Conclusions:

  • The hierarchical nanostructure of bone is key to its mechanical properties.
  • Biomimetic strategies can leverage these principles for advanced bone tissue engineering.
  • Further research can translate these insights into effective bone graft solutions.