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Related Concept Videos

Solution Formation02:16

Solution Formation

38.9K
There is no one solvent that can dissolve every type of solute. Some substances that readily dissolve in a certain solvent might be insoluble in a different solvent. A simple way to predict which substances dissolve in which solvent is the phrase "like dissolves like". This means that polar substances, such as salt and sugar, dissolve in a polar substance like water. In contrast, non-polar substances are more soluble in non-polar solvents such as carbon tetrachloride.
This selective...
38.9K
Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism01:21

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism

821
Polymorphism refers to the existence of a drug substance in multiple crystalline forms, known as polymorphs. Recently, this term has been expanded to include solvates (forms containing a solvent), amorphous forms (non-crystalline forms), and desolvated solvates (forms from which the solvent has been removed).
Some polymorphic crystals possess lower aqueous solubility than their amorphous counterparts, leading to incomplete absorption. For instance, the oral suspension of Chloramphenicol, which...
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The Colloidal State01:29

The Colloidal State

86
The formation of a colloidal system is exemplified by an aqueous solution containing Cl− ions is introduced to another containing Ag+ ions, resulting in the precipitation of solid AgCl as extremely tiny crystals. Instead of settling out as a filterable precipitate, these crystals remain suspended in the liquid, showcasing a colloidal system.A colloidal system involves colloidal particles within the approximate range of 1 to 1000 nm in at least one dimension, dispersed in a medium called...
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Solution Equilibrium and Saturation01:59

Solution Equilibrium and Saturation

22.6K
Imagine adding a small amount of sugar to a glass of water, stirring until all the sugar has dissolved, and then adding a bit more. You can repeat this process until the sugar concentration of the solution reaches its natural limit, a limit determined primarily by the relative strengths of the solute-solute, solute-solvent, and solvent-solvent attractive forces. You can be certain that you have reached this limit because, no matter how long you stir the solution, undissolved sugar remains. The...
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Solubility03:00

Solubility

22.0K
Solution, Solubility, and Solubility Equilibrium
A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of a solvent, the major component, and a solute, the minor component. The physical state of a solution—solid, liquid, or gas—is typically the same as that of the solvent. Solute concentrations are often described with qualitative terms such as dilute (of relatively low concentration) and concentrated (of relatively high concentration).
In a solution, the solute particles (molecules,...
22.0K
Energetics of Solution Formation02:35

Energetics of Solution Formation

7.7K
The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, which is a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
When the strengths of the intermolecular forces of attraction between solute and solvent species in a solution are no different than those present in the separated components, the solution is formed with no accompanying energy change. Formation of the solution requires the solute–solute and solvent–solvent...
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Formulation and Stability of Solutions.

Michael J Akers

    International Journal of Pharmaceutical Compounding
    |June 22, 2016
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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study addresses challenges in ophthalmic solutions, focusing on particle control, microbial activity, and tonicity agents to ensure drug product stability and safety.

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    Area of Science:

    • Ophthalmic drug delivery
    • Pharmaceutical formulation science

    Background:

    • Ready-to-use solutions are preferred for ophthalmic products.
    • Formulating ophthalmic solutions presents chemical and physical stability challenges, including solubility and microbial contamination.
    • Previous articles discussed optimizing physical stability; this article concludes the series.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To discuss strategies for addressing foreign particles, protein aggregation, and immunogenicity in ophthalmic solutions.
    • To outline methods for optimizing microbiological activity in ophthalmic formulations.
    • To review the role of osmolality (tonicity) agents in ophthalmic solution development.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of current literature and industry best practices for ophthalmic solution formulation.
    • Analysis of challenges related to particulate matter, protein aggregation, and microbial control.
    • Discussion of formulation approaches for achieving desired osmolality.

    Main Results:

    • Effective strategies exist to mitigate foreign particles and protein aggregation, reducing immunogenicity risks.
    • Microbiological control can be optimized through appropriate preservatives and manufacturing processes.
    • Osmolality agents are crucial for ensuring patient comfort and drug efficacy.

    Conclusions:

    • Addressing foreign particles, protein aggregation, immunogenicity, microbial activity, and osmolality is vital for stable and safe ophthalmic solutions.
    • Optimized formulation strategies enhance the quality and performance of injectable and topical ophthalmic products.
    • This series provides a comprehensive overview of key considerations for developing robust ophthalmic solution dosage forms.