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Updated: Mar 19, 2026
Brain State-dependent Brain Stimulation with Real-time Electroencephalography-Triggered Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Published on: August 20, 2019
Temporal dynamics of brain activation during 40 minutes of pleasant touch
Uta Sailer1, Chantal Triscoli2, Gisela Häggblad3
1Dept. of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Dept. of Behavioural Sciences in Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Introduction:
Touch is important for individuals' subjective well-being, is typically rewarding, and is one of few sensory stimuli which are experienced as pleasant for a rather long time. This study tracked brain activation during slow stroking stimulation of the arm that was applied continuously for 40min - a much longer time than what previous studies have investigated.
Methods:
25 subjects were stroked for 40min with a soft brush while they were scanned with functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and rated the perceived pleasantness of the brush stroking. Two resting baselines were included. Whole brain-based analyses investigated the neural response to long-lasting stroking.
Results:
Stroking was perceived as pleasant throughout scanning and activated areas that were previously found to be involved in the processing of pleasant touch. Activation in primary somatosensory cortex (S1) and S2, subdivision OP1, decreased over time, whereas activation in orbito-frontal gyrus (OFC) and putamen strongly increased until reaching a plateau after approximately 20min. Similarly, functional connectivity of posterior insula with middle cingulate and striatal regions increased over time.
Discussion:
Long-lasting stroking was processed in similar areas as shorter-lasting stroking. The decreased activation in somatosensory cortices over time may represent stimulus habituation, whereas increased activation in OFC and putamen may relate to the stimulation's subjective reward value. This involvement of reward-related brain circuits can facilitate maintenance of long-lasting social touch interactions.
