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Plant Hormones

Plant Hormones

Plant hormones—or phytohormones—are chemical molecules that modulate one or more physiological processes of a plant. In animals, hormones are often produced in specific glands and circulated via the circulatory system. However, plants lack hormone-producing glands.

Plant Hormones

Plant Hormones

Regulation of Transpiration by Stomata

Regulation of Transpiration by Stomata

During photosynthesis, plants acquire the necessary carbon dioxide and release the produced oxygen back into the atmosphere. Openings in the epidermis of plant leaves is the site of this exchange of gasses. A single opening is called a stoma—derived from the Greek word for “mouth.” Stomata open and close in response to a variety of environmental cues.

Morphogenesis

Morphogenesis

Plant morphogenesis—the development of a plant’s form and structure—involves several overlapping developmental processes, including growth and cell differentiation. Precursor cells differentiate into specific cell types, which are organized into the tissues and organ systems that make up the functional plant.

Primary and Secondary Growth in Roots and Shoots

Primary and Secondary Growth in Roots and Shoots

Vascular plants, which account for over 90% of the Earth’s vegetation, all undergo primary growth—which lengthens roots and shoots. Many land plants, notably woody plants, also undergo secondary growth—which thickens roots and shoots.

Cell Signaling in Plants

Cell Signaling in Plants

Plant cells communicate to coordinate their cycle of growth, flowering and fruiting, and activities in roots, shoots, and leaves in response to the changing environmental conditions. Plant signaling is distinct from animal signaling. Plants primarily utilize enzyme-linked receptors, whereas the largest class of cell-surface receptors in animals are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Unlike animals, receptor tyrosine kinases are rare in plants. Instead, plants have a diverse class of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 19, 2026

An Efficient Clearing Protocol for the Study of Seed Development in Tomato Solanum lycopersicum L.

An Efficient Clearing Protocol for the Study of Seed Development in Tomato Solanum lycopersicum L.

Published on: September 7, 2022

Hormones in tomato leaf development.

Ido Shwartz¹, Matan Levy¹, Naomi Ori¹

¹The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture and The Otto Warburg Minerva Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel.

Developmental Biology

|June 25, 2016

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Plant hormones regulate tomato leaf development, influencing the diversity of compound leaf forms. Understanding hormone interactions is key to plant developmental flexibility.

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Area of Science:

Plant Biology
Developmental Biology
Genetics

Background:

Leaf development is a key model for studying plant developmental flexibility.
A wide diversity of leaf forms exists between and within species, especially in compound leaves.
Plant hormones are critical regulators of leaf development.

Purpose of the Study:

To discuss the roles of plant hormones in tomato compound-leaf development.
To explore the cross-talk between different hormones during this process.

Main Methods:

Literature review on plant hormone functions.
Analysis of existing research on tomato leaf development.

Main Results:

Plant hormones play prominent roles in regulating tomato compound-leaf morphogenesis and differentiation.
Interactions and cross-talk between various hormones are crucial for achieving diverse leaf forms.

Conclusions:

Hormonal regulation and cross-talk are essential for the complex development of compound leaves in tomato.
This understanding contributes to the broader knowledge of plant developmental plasticity.